我不知道答案所以问ASP。NET团队。

因此，诀窍是将签名更改为HttpResponseMessage并使用Request.CreateResponse。

[ResponseType(typeof(User))]
public HttpResponseMessage GetUser(HttpRequestMessage request, int userId, DateTime lastModifiedAtClient)
{
    var user = new DataEntities().Users.First(p => p.Id == userId);
    if (user.LastModified <= lastModifiedAtClient)
    {
         return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NotModified);
    }
    return request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, user);
}

如果你需要返回一个IHttpActionResult并且想要返回错误代码和消息，使用:

return ResponseMessage(Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotModified, "Error message here"));

使用Web API 2中引入的更现代的IHttpActionResult对@Aliostads进行了更新。

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/web-api/overview/getting-started-with-aspnet-web-api/action-results#ihttpactionresult

public class TryController : ApiController
{
    public IHttpActionResult GetUser(int userId, DateTime lastModifiedAtClient)
    {
        var user = new DataEntities().Users.First(p => p.Id == userId);
        if (user.LastModified <= lastModifiedAtClient)
        {
            return StatusCode(HttpStatusCode.NotModified);
            // If you would like to return a Http Status code with any object instead:
            // return Content(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError, "My Message");
        }
        return Ok(user);
    }
}

我不喜欢改变我的签名来使用HttpCreateResponse类型，所以我提出了一个扩展的解决方案来隐藏它。

public class HttpActionResult : IHttpActionResult
{
    public HttpActionResult(HttpRequestMessage request) : this(request, HttpStatusCode.OK)
    {
    }

    public HttpActionResult(HttpRequestMessage request, HttpStatusCode code) : this(request, code, null)
    {
    }

    public HttpActionResult(HttpRequestMessage request, HttpStatusCode code, object result)
    {
        Request = request;
        Code = code;
        Result = result;
    }

    public HttpRequestMessage Request { get; }
    public HttpStatusCode Code { get; }
    public object Result { get; }

    public Task<HttpResponseMessage> ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        return Task.FromResult(Request.CreateResponse(Code, Result));
    }
}

然后你可以添加一个方法到你的ApiController(或者更好的是你的基本控制器)，像这样:

protected IHttpActionResult CustomResult(HttpStatusCode code, object data) 
{
    // Request here is the property on the controller.
    return new HttpActionResult(Request, code, data);
}

然后你可以像任何内置方法一样返回它:

[HttpPost]
public IHttpActionResult Post(Model model)
{
    return model.Id == 1 ?
                Ok() :
                CustomResult(HttpStatusCode.NotAcceptable, new { 
                    data = model, 
                    error = "The ID needs to be 1." 
                });
}

更改GetXxx API方法以返回HttpResponseMessage，然后返回完整响应的类型化版本和NotModified响应的非类型化版本。

    public HttpResponseMessage GetComputingDevice(string id)
    {
        ComputingDevice computingDevice =
            _db.Devices.OfType<ComputingDevice>()
                .SingleOrDefault(c => c.AssetId == id);

        if (computingDevice == null)
        {
            return this.Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
        }

        if (this.Request.ClientHasStaleData(computingDevice.ModifiedDate))
        {
            return this.Request.CreateResponse<ComputingDevice>(
                HttpStatusCode.OK, computingDevice);
        }
        else
        {
            return this.Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotModified);
        }
    }

* ClientHasStale数据是我的扩展检查ETag和IfModifiedSince头。

MVC框架仍然应该序列化并返回您的对象。

NOTE

我认为通用版本将在未来的Web API版本中被删除。

如果您希望将操作签名保留为返回User，还可以执行以下操作:

public User GetUser(int userId, DateTime lastModifiedAtClient) 

如果你想返回200以外的值，那么你在你的动作中抛出一个HttpResponseException，并传递你想要发送给客户端的HttpResponseMessage。