boolean a, b;

Operation     Meaning                       Note
---------     -------                       ----
   a && b     logical AND                    short-circuiting
   a || b     logical OR                     short-circuiting
   a &  b     boolean logical AND            not short-circuiting
   a |  b     boolean logical OR             not short-circuiting
   a ^  b     boolean logical exclusive OR
  !a          logical NOT

short-circuiting        (x != 0) && (1/x > 1)   SAFE
not short-circuiting    (x != 0) &  (1/x > 1)   NOT SAFE

如JLS(15.22.2)中所述:

When both operands of a &, ^, or | operator are of type boolean or Boolean, then the type of the bitwise operator expression is boolean. In all cases, the operands are subject to unboxing conversion (§5.1.8) as necessary. For &, the result value is true if both operand values are true; otherwise, the result is false. For ^, the result value is true if the operand values are different; otherwise, the result is false. For |, the result value is false if both operand values are false; otherwise, the result is true.

“诀窍”在于&是一个整数位运算符，也是一个布尔逻辑运算符。为什么不呢，把这个作为运算符重载的例子是合理的。

除了&&和||是短路外，在混合这两种形式时，还要考虑运算符优先级。 我认为每个人都不会立即看出result1和result2包含不同的值。

boolean a = true;
boolean b = false;
boolean c = false;

boolean result1 = a || b && c; //is true;  evaluated as a || (b && c)
boolean result2 = a  | b && c; //is false; evaluated as (a | b) && c

几乎所有的答案都很好地涵盖了每一个比较点。我只想再举一个例子。以演示输出如何根据所使用的操作符而变化。考虑下面的例子

int a = 10;
if(++a==10 & ++a==12) {
    ++a;
}
System.out.println(a); //12

在上面的代码中，我们使用了按位&运算符。因此，它将计算两个参数(左和右)，而不考虑单个结果。

所以a会在if条件内增加2倍。但是由于条件不会变为true，它不会进入if循环内部，第三个增量也不会发生。所以a的最终值在这里是12。

现在假设，在上面的同一个例子中，如果我们使用短路&&运算符。然后在将++a==10赋值为false后，它将不会去检查第二个参数。这就是未来11人的最终价值。

int a = 10;
if(++a==10 && ++a==12) {
    ++a;
}
System.out.println(a); //11

基于此，我们可以说，与短路&&算子相比，位&算子的性能相对较低。位运算符将对两个参数求值，而不考虑第一个参数的结果。而&&运算符将停止计算第二个参数，如果第一个参数的结果为假。

这两者之间的另一个区别是，Bitwise &操作符适用于布尔型以及整型。而短路&&运算符仅适用于布尔类型。

我们可以写

System.out.println(4 & 5); // 4

但如果我们试着这样写，

System.out.println(4 && 5);

然后它会给出一个错误，

二元运算符'&&'的错误操作数类型

对于AND运算符和OR运算符，Java有两类求值，即Short-Circuit求值和full求值。

&& ||短路评估

短路求值使您可以不计算AND和OR表达式的右边，当整体结果可以从左边的值预测时。

int numberOne = 1;
int numberTwo = 2;
boolean result = false;

// left-side is false so the the overall result CAN be predicted without evaluating the right side.
// numberOne will be 1, numberTwo will be 2, result will be false
result = (numberOne > numberTwo) && (++numberOne == numberTwo);

System.out.println(numberOne); // prints 1
System.out.println(numberTwo); // prints 2
System.out.println(result);    // prints false


// left-side is true so the the overall result CAN NOT be predicted without evaluating the right side.
// numberOne will be 2, numberTwo will be 2, result will be true
result = (numberTwo > numberOne) && (++numberOne == numberTwo);

System.out.println(numberOne); // prints 2
System.out.println(numberTwo); // prints 2
System.out.println(result);    // prints true

^全面评估

虽然在某些情况下可以预测结果，但有必要计算右边的值。

int numberOne = 1;
int numberTwo = 2;
boolean result = false;

// left-side is false so the the overall result will be false BUT the right side MUST be evaluated too.
// numberOne will be 2, numberTwo will be 2, result will be false
result = (numberOne > numberTwo) & (++numberOne == numberTwo);

System.out.println(numberOne); // prints 2
System.out.println(numberTwo); // prints 2
System.out.println(result);    // prints false

注意:

Notice that for XOR (^) there is no short-circuit, because both sides are always required to determine the overall result. Notice that other possible names for Short-Circuit evaluation are minimal evaluation and McCarthy evaluation. It is not recommenced to mix boolean logic and actions in the same expression & can also act as a Bitwise AND operator which is very academic and can be used in cryptography. When both bits are 1, the result is 1, or either of the bits is not 1, the result is 0. (Check the following code)

AND位的例子:

byte a = 5;              // 00000101
byte b = 3;              // 00000011
byte c = (byte) (a & b); // 00000001 (c is 1)

&&和||称为短路算子。当使用它们时，对于|| -如果第一个操作数求值为true，则其余操作数不求值。对于&& -，如果第一个操作数求值为false，其余的操作数根本不被求值。

所以if (a || (++x > 0))在这个例子中，如果a为真，变量x不会增加。