我想收集尽可能多的关于。net / clr中API版本控制的信息,特别是API更改如何破坏或不破坏客户端应用程序。首先,让我们定义一些术语:

API change - a change in the publicly visible definition of a type, including any of its public members. This includes changing type and member names, changing base type of a type, adding/removing interfaces from list of implemented interfaces of a type, adding/removing members (including overloads), changing member visibility, renaming method and type parameters, adding default values for method parameters, adding/removing attributes on types and members, and adding/removing generic type parameters on types and members (did I miss anything?). This does not include any changes in member bodies, or any changes to private members (i.e. we do not take into account Reflection).

二进制级中断——一种API更改,导致针对旧版本API编译的客户端程序集可能无法装入新版本。例如:改变方法签名,即使它允许以与以前相同的方式被调用(即:void返回类型/参数默认值重载)。

源代码级中断——API更改会导致针对旧版本API编写的现有代码可能无法使用新版本进行编译。但是,已经编译的客户机程序集与以前一样工作。例如:添加一个新的重载,可能导致之前明确的方法调用出现歧义。

源代码级安静的语义变化——API的变化会导致编写的现有代码针对旧版本的API悄悄地改变其语义,例如通过调用不同的方法。然而,代码应该继续编译,没有警告/错误,以前编译的程序集应该像以前一样工作。示例:在现有类上实现一个新接口,这会导致在重载解析过程中选择不同的重载。

The ultimate goal is to catalogize as many breaking and quiet semantics API changes as possible, and describe exact effect of breakage, and which languages are and are not affected by it. To expand on the latter: while some changes affect all languages universally (e.g. adding a new member to an interface will break implementations of that interface in any language), some require very specific language semantics to enter into play to get a break. This most typically involves method overloading, and, in general, anything having to do with implicit type conversions. There doesn't seem to be any way to define the "least common denominator" here even for CLS-conformant languages (i.e. those conforming at least to rules of "CLS consumer" as defined in CLI spec) - though I'll appreciate if someone corrects me as being wrong here - so this will have to go language by language. Those of most interest are naturally the ones that come with .NET out of the box: C#, VB and F#; but others, such as IronPython, IronRuby, Delphi Prism etc are also relevant. The more of a corner case it is, the more interesting it will be - things like removing members are pretty self-evident, but subtle interactions between e.g. method overloading, optional/default parameters, lambda type inference, and conversion operators can be very surprising at times.

这里有几个例子:

添加新的方法重载

Kind:源级中断

受影响的语言:c#, VB, f#

更改前的API:

public class Foo
{
    public void Bar(IEnumerable x);
}

更改后的API:

public class Foo
{
    public void Bar(IEnumerable x);
    public void Bar(ICloneable x);
}

样例客户端代码在更改前工作,更改后失效:

new Foo().Bar(new int[0]);

添加新的隐式转换运算符重载

Kind:源级中断。

受影响的语言:c#, VB

不受影响语言:f#

更改前的API:

public class Foo
{
    public static implicit operator int ();
}

更改后的API:

public class Foo
{
    public static implicit operator int ();
    public static implicit operator float ();
}

样例客户端代码在更改前工作,更改后失效:

void Bar(int x);
void Bar(float x);
Bar(new Foo());

注意:f#并没有被破坏,因为它对重载操作符没有任何语言级别的支持,既不是显式的也不是隐式的——两者都必须作为op_Explicit和op_Implicit方法直接调用。

添加新的实例方法

Kind:源级安静语义更改。

受影响的语言:c#, VB

不受影响语言:f#

更改前的API:

public class Foo
{
}

更改后的API:

public class Foo
{
    public void Bar();
}

客户端代码示例:

public static class FooExtensions
{
    public void Bar(this Foo foo);
}

new Foo().Bar();

注意:f#并没有被破坏,因为它没有对ExtensionMethodAttribute的语言级支持,并且需要将CLS扩展方法作为静态方法调用。


当前回答

当我发现它时,这一点非常不明显,特别是考虑到接口的相同情况。这根本不是一个休息,但我决定把它包括在内,这是足够令人惊讶的:

将类成员重构为基类

Kind:不休息!

受影响的语言:无(即没有损坏)

更改前的API:

class Foo
{
    public virtual void Bar() {}
    public virtual void Baz() {}
}

更改后的API:

class FooBase
{
    public virtual void Bar() {}
}

class Foo : FooBase
{
    public virtual void Baz() {}
}

在整个更改过程中保持工作的示例代码(即使我预计它会中断):

// C++/CLI
ref class Derived : Foo
{
   public virtual void Baz() {{

   // Explicit override    
   public virtual void BarOverride() = Foo::Bar {}
};

注:

C++/CLI is the only .NET language that has a construct analogous to explicit interface implementation for virtual base class members - "explicit override". I fully expected that to result in the same kind of breakage as when moving interface members to a base interface (since IL generated for explicit override is the same as for explicit implementation). To my surprise, this is not the case - even though generated IL still specifies that BarOverride overrides Foo::Bar rather than FooBase::Bar, assembly loader is smart enough to substitute one for another correctly without any complaints - apparently, the fact that Foo is a class is what makes the difference. Go figure...

其他回答

将字段更改为属性

打破:API

受影响语言:Visual Basic和c# *

当你在visual basic中将一个普通的字段或变量更改为属性时,以任何方式引用该成员的任何外部代码都需要重新编译。

更改前的API:

Public Class Foo    
    Public Shared Bar As String = ""    
End Class

API变更后:

Public Class Foo
    Private Shared _Bar As String = ""
    Public Shared Property Bar As String
        Get
            Return _Bar
        End Get
        Set(value As String)
            _Bar = value
        End Set
    End Property
End Class    

示例客户端代码,可以工作,但随后被破坏:

Foo.Bar = "foobar"

将隐式接口实现转换为显式接口实现。

打破:源和二进制

受影响语言:所有

这实际上只是改变方法的可访问性的一种变体——它只是更微妙一点,因为很容易忽略一个事实,即并非所有对接口方法的访问都必须通过对接口类型的引用。

更改前的API:

public class Foo : IEnumerable
{
    public IEnumerator GetEnumerator();
}

API变更后:

public class Foo : IEnumerable
{
    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator();
}

样例客户端代码在更改前工作,更改后被破坏:

new Foo().GetEnumerator(); // fails because GetEnumerator() is no longer public

推广到扩展方法

Kind:源级中断

受影响的语言:c# v6及更高版本(可能是其他语言?)

更改前的API:

public static class Foo
{
    public static void Bar(string x);
}

更改后的API:

public static class Foo
{
    public void Bar(this string x);
}

样例客户端代码在更改前工作,更改后失效:

using static Foo;

class Program
{
    static void Main() => Bar("hello");
}

更多信息:https://github.com/dotnet/csharplang/issues/665

添加具有默认值的参数。

中断类型:二进制级别的中断

即使调用源代码不需要更改,它仍然需要重新编译(就像添加常规参数一样)。

这是因为c#将参数的默认值直接编译到调用程序集中。这意味着如果您不重新编译,您将得到一个MissingMethodException,因为旧程序集试图调用带有较少参数的方法。

更改前的API

public void Foo(int a) { }

更改后的API

public void Foo(int a, string b = null) { }

之后被破坏的示例客户端代码

Foo(5);

客户端代码需要在字节码级别上重新编译为Foo(5, null)。被调用的程序集将只包含Foo(int, string),而不是Foo(int)。这是因为默认参数值纯粹是一种语言特性,. net运行时对它们一无所知。(这也解释了为什么在c#中默认值必须是编译时常量)。

API的改变:

添加[Obsolete]属性(你已经提到了属性;然而,当使用warning-as-error时,这可能是一个破坏性的更改。)

二进制级别突破:

Moving a type from one assembly to another Changing the namespace of a type Adding a base class type from another assembly. Adding a new member (event protected) that uses a type from another assembly (Class2) as a template argument constraint. protected void Something<T>() where T : Class2 { } Changing a child class (Class3) to derive from a type in another assembly when the class is used as a template argument for this class. protected class Class3 : Class2 { } protected void Something<T>() where T : Class3 { }

源级安静语义更改:

添加/删除/更改Equals(), GetHashCode()或ToString()的覆盖


(不知道这些适合哪里)

部署变更:

添加/移除依赖/引用 将依赖项更新到新版本 在x86、Itanium、x64或anycpu之间更改“目标平台” 在不同的框架安装上构建/测试(例如,在.Net 2.0盒子上安装3.5允许调用需要.Net 2.0 SP2的API)

引导程序/配置更改:

添加/删除/更改自定义配置选项(即App.config设置) 随着IoC/DI在当今应用程序中的大量使用,有必要为依赖于DI的代码重新配置和/或更改引导代码。

更新:

对不起,我没有意识到这是打破我的唯一原因是我在模板约束中使用它们。