在我看来，正确的方法是将列表存储在字符串中(长度受DBMS支持的限制);唯一的技巧是(为了简化处理)我在字符串的开头和结尾都有一个分隔符(在我的例子中是一个逗号)。其思想是“动态规范化”，将列表转换为单列表，每个值包含一行。这让你可以转弯

In (ct1,ct2, ct3…卡通)

成一个

在(选择…)

或者(我可能更喜欢的解决方案)常规连接，如果你只是添加一个“distinct”来避免列表中重复值的问题。

不幸的是，分割字符串的技术是相当特定于产品的。 下面是SQL Server的版本:

 with qry(n, names) as
       (select len(list.names) - len(replace(list.names, ',', '')) - 1 as n,
               substring(list.names, 2, len(list.names)) as names
        from (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' names) as list
        union all
        select (n - 1) as n,
               substring(names, 1 + charindex(',', names), len(names)) as names
        from qry
        where n > 1)
 select n, substring(names, 1, charindex(',', names) - 1) dwarf
 from qry;

Oracle版本:

 select n, substr(name, 1, instr(name, ',') - 1) dwarf
 from (select n,
             substr(val, 1 + instr(val, ',', 1, n)) name
      from (select rownum as n,
                   list.val
            from  (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' val
                   from dual) list
            connect by level < length(list.val) -
                               length(replace(list.val, ',', ''))));

MySQL版本:

select pivot.n,
      substring_index(substring_index(list.val, ',', 1 + pivot.n), ',', -1) from (select 1 as n
     union all
     select 2 as n
     union all
     select 3 as n
     union all
     select 4 as n
     union all
     select 5 as n
     union all
     select 6 as n
     union all
     select 7 as n
     union all
     select 8 as n
     union all
     select 9 as n
     union all
     select 10 as n) pivot,    (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' val) as list where pivot.n <  length(list.val) -
                   length(replace(list.val, ',', ''));

(当然，“pivot”必须返回与的最大行数相同的行数 我们可以在列表中找到的项目)

这很恶心，但如果你保证至少有一个，你可以这样做:

SELECT ...
       ...
 WHERE tag IN( @tag1, ISNULL( @tag2, @tag1 ), ISNULL( @tag3, @tag1 ), etc. )

有IN('tag1'， 'tag2'， 'tag1'， 'tag1'， 'tag1')将很容易被SQL Server优化掉。另外，你可以直接搜索索引

对于这样数量可变的参数，我所知道的唯一方法是显式地生成SQL，或者做一些涉及用所需项填充临时表并与临时表连接的事情。

如果你有SQL Server 2008或更高版本，我会使用表值参数。

如果你不幸被困在SQL Server 2005上，你可以添加这样一个CLR函数，

[SqlFunction(
    DataAccessKind.None,
    IsDeterministic = true,
    SystemDataAccess = SystemDataAccessKind.None,
    IsPrecise = true,
    FillRowMethodName = "SplitFillRow",
    TableDefinintion = "s NVARCHAR(MAX)"]
public static IEnumerable Split(SqlChars seperator, SqlString s)
{
    if (s.IsNull)
        return new string[0];

    return s.ToString().Split(seperator.Buffer);
}

public static void SplitFillRow(object row, out SqlString s)
{
    s = new SqlString(row.ToString());
}

你可以这样用，

declare @desiredTags nvarchar(MAX);
set @desiredTags = 'ruby,rails,scruffy,rubyonrails';

select * from Tags
where Name in [dbo].[Split] (',', @desiredTags)
order by Count desc

I think this is a case when a static query is just not the way to go. Dynamically build the list for your in clause, escape your single quotes, and dynamically build SQL. In this case you probably won't see much of a difference with any method due to the small list, but the most efficient method really is to send the SQL exactly as it is written in your post. I think it is a good habit to write it the most efficient way, rather than to do what makes the prettiest code, or consider it bad practice to dynamically build SQL.

I have seen the split functions take longer to execute than the query themselves in many cases where the parameters get large. A stored procedure with table valued parameters in SQL 2008 is the only other option I would consider, although this will probably be slower in your case. TVP will probably only be faster for large lists if you are searching on the primary key of the TVP, because SQL will build a temporary table for the list anyway (if the list is large). You won't know for sure unless you test it.

I have also seen stored procedures that had 500 parameters with default values of null, and having WHERE Column1 IN (@Param1, @Param2, @Param3, ..., @Param500). This caused SQL to build a temp table, do a sort/distinct, and then do a table scan instead of an index seek. That is essentially what you would be doing by parameterizing that query, although on a small enough scale that it won't make a noticeable difference. I highly recommend against having NULL in your IN lists, as if that gets changed to a NOT IN it will not act as intended. You could dynamically build the parameter list, but the only obvious thing that you would gain is that the objects would escape the single quotes for you. That approach is also slightly slower on the application end since the objects have to parse the query to find the parameters. It may or may not be faster on SQL, as parameterized queries call sp_prepare, sp_execute for as many times you execute the query, followed by sp_unprepare.

重用存储过程或参数化查询的执行计划可能会提高性能，但它会将您锁定在由执行的第一个查询决定的执行计划中。在许多情况下，这对于后续查询可能不太理想。在您的情况下，重用执行计划可能是一个加分项，但它可能根本没有任何区别，因为示例是一个非常简单的查询。

悬崖笔记:

对于您的情况，您所做的任何事情，无论是使用列表中固定数量的项进行参数化(如果不使用则为空)，动态地构建带有或不带有参数的查询，还是使用带有表值参数的存储过程，都不会产生太大的区别。不过，我的一般建议如下:

你的case/简单查询很少参数:

动态SQL，如果测试显示更好的性能，可能会使用参数。

具有可重用执行计划的查询，通过简单地更改参数或如果查询很复杂则调用多次:

带有动态参数的SQL。

带有大列表的查询:

具有表值参数的存储过程。如果列表变化很大，则在存储过程上使用WITH RECOMPILE，或者简单地使用不带参数的动态SQL为每个查询生成新的执行计划。

我听到Jeff/Joel今天在播客上谈论这个(第34集，2008-12-16 (MP3, 31 MB)， 1小时03分38秒-1小时06分45秒)，我想我记得Stack Overflow使用LINQ到SQL，但也许它被抛弃了。在LINQ to SQL中也是如此。

var inValues = new [] { "ruby","rails","scruffy","rubyonrails" };

var results = from tag in Tags
              where inValues.Contains(tag.Name)
              select tag;

就是这样。而且，是的，LINQ已经足够向后看了，但是Contains子句对我来说似乎太向后看了。当我不得不在工作中为一个项目做类似的查询时，我自然地试图用错误的方式来做这个，在本地数组和SQL Server表之间做一个连接，认为LINQ to SQL翻译器将足够聪明，以某种方式处理翻译。它没有这样做，但它确实提供了一个描述性的错误消息，并指示我使用Contains。

无论如何，如果您在强烈推荐的LINQPad中运行此命令，并运行此查询，您可以查看SQL LINQ提供程序生成的实际SQL。它将向您显示每个参数化为IN子句的值。