对于我正在从事的一个新的node.js项目,我正在考虑从基于cookie的会话方法(我的意思是,将id存储到用户浏览器中包含用户会话的键值存储中)切换到使用JSON Web Tokens (jwt)的基于令牌的会话方法(没有键值存储)。

这个项目是一个利用socket的游戏。IO——在一个会话(web和socket.io)中有多个通信通道的情况下,有一个基于令牌的会话会很有用。

如何使用jwt方法从服务器提供令牌/会话失效?

我还想了解使用这种范例应该注意哪些常见的(或不常见的)陷阱/攻击。例如,如果这种模式容易受到与基于会话存储/cookie的方法相同/不同类型的攻击。

所以,假设我有以下内容(改编自this和this):

会话存储登录:

app.get('/login', function(request, response) {
    var user = {username: request.body.username, password: request.body.password };
    // Validate somehow
    validate(user, function(isValid, profile) {
        // Create session token
        var token= createSessionToken();

        // Add to a key-value database
        KeyValueStore.add({token: {userid: profile.id, expiresInMinutes: 60}});

        // The client should save this session token in a cookie
        response.json({sessionToken: token});
    });
}

口令登录:

var jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
app.get('/login', function(request, response) {
    var user = {username: request.body.username, password: request.body.password };
    // Validate somehow
    validate(user, function(isValid, profile) {
        var token = jwt.sign(profile, 'My Super Secret', {expiresInMinutes: 60});
        response.json({token: token});
    });
}

--

会话存储方法的注销(或失效)需要更新KeyValueStore 使用指定的令牌创建数据库。

在基于令牌的方法中似乎不存在这样的机制,因为令牌本身将包含通常存在于键值存储中的信息。


当前回答

每个用户字符串唯一,全局字符串散列在一起作为JWT的秘密部分,允许单独和全局令牌无效。最大的灵活性,代价是在请求身份验证期间数据库查找/读取。也很容易缓存,因为它们很少改变。

这里有一个例子:

HEADER:ALGORITHM & TOKEN TYPE

{
  "alg": "HS256",
  "typ": "JWT"
}
PAYLOAD:DATA

{
  "sub": "1234567890",
  "some": "data",
  "iat": 1516239022
}
VERIFY SIGNATURE

HMACSHA256(
  base64UrlEncode(header) + "." +
  base64UrlEncode(payload), 
  HMACSHA256('perUserString'+'globalString')
)

where HMACSHA256 is your local crypto sha256
  nodejs 
    import sha256 from 'crypto-js/sha256';
    sha256(message);

例如,用法参见https://jwt.io(不确定他们是否处理动态256位秘密)

其他回答

以下方法可以提供两全其美的解决方案:

让“立即”表示“~1分钟”。

例:

User attempts a successful login: A. Add an "issue time" field to the token, and keep the expiry time as needed. B. Store the hash of user's password's hash or create a new field say tokenhash in the user's table. Store the tokenhash in the generated token. User accesses a url: A. If the "issue time" is in the "immediate" range, process the token normally. Don't change the "issue time". Depending upon the duration of "immediate" this is the duration one is vulnerable in. But a short duration like a minute or two shouldn't be too risky. (This is a balance between performance and security). Three is no need to hit the db here. B. If the token is not in the "immediate" range, check the tokenhash against the db. If its okay, update the "issue time" field. If not okay then don't process the request (Security is finally enforced). User changes the tokenhash to secure the account. In the "immediate" future the account is secured.

我们将数据库查询保存在“immediate”范围内。 如果在“即时”持续时间内有来自客户端的大量请求,那么这是最有益的。

我是这样做的:

生成一个唯一的散列,然后将其存储在redis和JWT中。这可以称为会话 我们还将存储特定JWT发出的请求数量——每次JWT被发送到服务器时,我们将请求增加整数。(这是可选的)

因此,当用户登录时,将创建一个唯一的散列,存储在redis中并注入到JWT中。

当用户试图访问受保护的端点时,您将从JWT中获取唯一的会话散列,查询redis并查看它是否匹配!

我们可以以此为基础,让我们的JWT更加安全,如下所示:

每个特定JWT发出的X请求,我们生成一个新的唯一会话,将其存储在我们的JWT中,然后将前一个会话列入黑名单。

这意味着JWT是不断变化的,并防止过时的JWT被黑客攻击、窃取或其他东西。

我也一直在研究这个问题,虽然下面的想法都不是完整的解决方案,但它们可能会帮助其他人排除这些想法,或者提供进一步的解决方案。

1)简单地从客户端删除令牌

显然,这对服务器端安全没有任何帮助,但它确实通过删除令牌来阻止攻击者。他们必须在登出之前窃取令牌)。

2)创建一个令牌区块列表

您可以将无效令牌存储到它们最初的到期日期,并将它们与传入的请求进行比较。这似乎否定了首先完全基于令牌的原因,因为每个请求都需要访问数据库。存储大小可能会更小,因为您只需要存储注销时间和到期时间之间的令牌(这是一种直觉,而且肯定取决于上下文)。

3)保持代币到期时间短,并经常轮换

如果您将令牌过期时间保持在足够短的间隔内,并让运行中的客户端保持跟踪并在必要时请求更新,那么第1条将有效地作为一个完整的注销系统。这种方法的问题是,它不可能在客户端代码关闭之间保持用户登录(取决于您设置的过期间隔多长时间)。

应急计划

如果出现紧急情况,或者用户令牌被破坏,您可以做的一件事是允许用户使用其登录凭据更改底层用户查找ID。这将使所有关联的令牌无效,因为将不再能够找到关联的用户。

我还想指出,在令牌中包含最后一次登录日期是个好主意,这样您就可以在一段时间后强制重新登录。

关于使用令牌的攻击的相似/不同之处,这篇文章解决了这个问题:https://github.com/dentarg/blog/blob/master/_posts/2014-01-07-angularjs-authentication-with-cookies-vs-token.markdown

Haven't tried this yet, and it is uses a lot of information based on some of the other answers. The complexity here is to avoid a server side data store call per request for user information. Most of the other solutions require a db lookup per request to a user session store. That is fine in certain scenarios but this was created in an attempt to avoid such calls and make whatever required server side state to be very small. You will end up recreating a server side session, however small to provide all the force invalidation features. But if you want to do it here is the gist:

目标:

减少数据存储的使用(无状态)。 能够强制注销所有用户。 能力强制注销任何个人在任何时间。 在一段时间后要求密码重新输入的能力。 能够与多个客户一起工作。 当用户从特定客户端单击注销时,强制重新登录的能力。(为了防止有人在用户离开后“取消删除”客户端令牌-查看评论了解更多信息)

解决方案:

Use short lived (<5m) access tokens paired with a longer lived (few hours) client stored refresh-token. Every request checks either the auth or refresh token expiration date for validity. When the access token expires, the client uses the refresh token to refresh the access token. During the refresh token check, the server checks a small blacklist of user ids - if found reject the refresh request. When a client doesn't have a valid(not expired) refresh or auth token the user must log back in, as all other requests will be rejected. On login request, check user data store for ban. On logout - add that user to the session blacklist so they have to log back in. You would have to store additional information to not log them out of all devices in a multi device environment but it could be done by adding a device field to the user blacklist. To force re-entry after x amount of time - maintain last login date in the auth token, and check it per request. To force log out all users - reset token hash key.

这要求您在服务器上维护一个黑名单(状态),假设用户表包含禁止的用户信息。无效会话黑名单-是一个用户id列表。此黑名单仅在刷新令牌请求期间检查。只要刷新令牌TTL存在,条目就必须存在于该节点上。刷新令牌过期后,用户将被要求重新登录。

缺点:

仍然需要对刷新令牌请求执行数据存储查找。 无效的令牌可能会继续为访问令牌的TTL操作。

优点:

提供所需的功能。 在正常操作下,刷新令牌动作对用户隐藏。 只需要对刷新请求而不是每个请求执行数据存储查找。即每15分钟1次,而不是每秒1次。 最小化服务器端状态到一个非常小的黑名单。

With this solution an in memory data store like reddis isn't needed, at least not for user information as you are as the server is only making a db call every 15 or so minutes. If using reddis, storing a valid/invalid session list in there would be a very fast and simpler solution. No need for a refresh token. Each auth token would have a session id and device id, they could be stored in a reddis table on creation and invalidated when appropriate. Then they would be checked on every request and rejected when invalid.

I ended up with access-refresh tokens, where refresh tokens uuids stored in database and access tokens uuids stored in cache server as a whitelist of valid access tokens. For example, I have critical changes in user data, for example, his access rights, next thing I do - I remove his access token from cache server whitelist and by the next access to any resource of my api, auth service will be asked for token's validity, then, if it isn't present in cache server whitelist, I will reject user's access token and force him to reauthorize by refresh token. If I want to drop user's session or all of his sessions, I simply drop all his tokens from whitelist and remove refresh tokens from database, so he musts re-enter credentials to continue accessing resources.

我知道,我的身份验证不再是无状态的,但公平地说,我为什么还要无状态的身份验证呢?