虽然唯一非法的Unix字符可能是/和NULL，但应该考虑到命令行解释。

例如，虽然在Unix中将文件命名为1>&2或2>&1是合法的，但在命令行中使用这样的文件名可能会被误解。

类似地，也可以将文件命名为$PATH，但当试图从命令行访问它时，shell将把$PATH转换为其变量值。

截至2017年4月18日，这个话题的答案中没有简单的字符和文件名的黑白列表，而且有很多回复。

我能想到的最好的建议是让用户随意命名文件。当应用程序试图保存文件时，使用错误处理程序，捕捉任何异常，假定是文件名造成的错误(显然在确保保存路径也正确之后)，并提示用户输入新的文件名。为了获得最好的结果，将这个检查过程放在一个循环中，直到用户正确或放弃为止。对我来说是最好的工作(至少在VBA)。

要让Windows告诉你答案，最简单的方法是尝试通过资源管理器重命名文件，并输入反斜杠/作为新名称。Windows会弹出一个消息框，告诉你非法字符的列表。

A filename cannot contain any of the following characters:
    \ / : * ? " < > | 

微软文档-命名文件，路径和命名空间-命名约定

这对我来说在Python中已经足够好了:

def fix_filename(name, max_length=255):
    """
    Replace invalid characters on Linux/Windows/MacOS with underscores.
    List from https://stackoverflow.com/a/31976060/819417
    Trailing spaces & periods are ignored on Windows.
    >>> fix_filename("  COM1  ")
    '_ COM1 _'
    >>> fix_filename("COM10")
    'COM10'
    >>> fix_filename("COM1,")
    'COM1,'
    >>> fix_filename("COM1.txt")
    '_.txt'
    >>> all('_' == fix_filename(chr(i)) for i in list(range(32)))
    True
    """
    return re.sub(r'[/\\:|<>"?*\0-\x1f]|^(AUX|COM[1-9]|CON|LPT[1-9]|NUL|PRN)(?![^.])|^\s|[\s.]$', "_", name[:max_length], flags=re.IGNORECASE)

还可以查看这个过时的列表，以获得FAT32中的=等其他遗留内容。

The forbidden printable ASCII characters are: Linux/Unix: / (forward slash) Windows: < (less than) > (greater than) : (colon - sometimes works, but is actually NTFS Alternate Data Streams) " (double quote) / (forward slash) \ (backslash) | (vertical bar or pipe) ? (question mark) * (asterisk) Non-printable characters If your data comes from a source that would permit non-printable characters then there is more to check for. Linux/Unix: 0 (NULL byte) Windows: 0-31 (ASCII control characters) Note: While it is legal under Linux/Unix file systems to create files with control characters in the filename, it might be a nightmare for the users to deal with such files. Reserved file names The following filenames are reserved: Windows: CON, PRN, AUX, NUL COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9 LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9 (both on their own and with arbitrary file extensions, e.g. LPT1.txt). Other rules Windows: Filenames cannot end in a space or dot. macOS: You didn't ask for it, but just in case: Colon : and forward slash / depending on context are not permitted (e.g. Finder supports slashes, terminal supports colons). (More details)

我也有同样的需求，正在寻找推荐信或标准推荐信，偶然发现了这条线索。我目前在文件和目录名中应该避免的字符黑名单是:

$CharactersInvalidForFileName = {
    "pound" -> "#",
    "left angle bracket" -> "<",
    "dollar sign" -> "$",
    "plus sign" -> "+",
    "percent" -> "%",
    "right angle bracket" -> ">",
    "exclamation point" -> "!",
    "backtick" -> "`",
    "ampersand" -> "&",
    "asterisk" -> "*",
    "single quotes" -> "“",
    "pipe" -> "|",
    "left bracket" -> "{",
    "question mark" -> "?",
    "double quotes" -> "”",
    "equal sign" -> "=",
    "right bracket" -> "}",
    "forward slash" -> "/",
    "colon" -> ":",
    "back slash" -> "\\",
    "lank spaces" -> "b",
    "at sign" -> "@"
};