.．.dict.get()有一个默认值None，从而避免KeyErrors:

In [1]: test = { 1 : 'a' }

In [2]: test[2]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<type 'exceptions.KeyError'>              Traceback (most recent call last)

&lt;ipython console&gt; in <module>()

<type 'exceptions.KeyError'>: 2

In [3]: test.get( 2 )

In [4]: test.get( 1 )
Out[4]: 'a'

In [5]: test.get( 2 ) == None
Out[5]: True

甚至在“现场”指定这个:

In [6]: test.get( 2, 'Some' ) == 'Some'
Out[6]: True

你可以使用setdefault()来设置一个值，如果它不存在就返回:

>>> a = {}
>>> b = a.setdefault('foo', 'bar')
>>> a
{'foo': 'bar'}
>>> b
'bar

如果你在你的应用程序中重命名了一个类，你正在通过Pickle加载用户保存的文件，而其中一个重命名的类存储在用户的旧保存中，你将不能加载这个Pickle文件。

然而，只要在你的类定义中添加一个引用，一切就好了:

例如,:

class Bleh:
    pass

现在,

class Blah:
    pass

所以，你的用户的pickle保存的文件包含一个Bleh的引用，它不存在，由于重命名。这是固定的吗?

Bleh = Blah

简单!

你可以用类装饰函数——用类实例替换函数:

class countCalls(object):
    """ decorator replaces a function with a "countCalls" instance
    which behaves like the original function, but keeps track of calls

    >>> @countCalls
    ... def doNothing():
    ...     pass
    >>> doNothing()
    >>> doNothing()
    >>> print doNothing.timesCalled
    2
    """
    def __init__ (self, functionToTrack):
        self.functionToTrack = functionToTrack
        self.timesCalled = 0
    def __call__ (self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.timesCalled += 1
        return self.functionToTrack(*args, **kwargs)

一个词:IPython

标签内省，漂亮的打印，%调试，历史管理，pylab，…值得花时间好好学习。

只需少量的工作，线程模块就变得非常容易使用。此装饰器更改函数，使其在自己的线程中运行，返回占位符类实例，而不是常规结果。你可以通过检查placeolder来探测答案。结果或通过调用placeholder.awaitResult()来等待它。

def threadify(function):
    """
    exceptionally simple threading decorator. Just:
    >>> @threadify
    ... def longOperation(result):
    ...     time.sleep(3)
    ...     return result
    >>> A= longOperation("A has finished")
    >>> B= longOperation("B has finished")

    A doesn't have a result yet:
    >>> print A.result
    None

    until we wait for it:
    >>> print A.awaitResult()
    A has finished

    we could also wait manually - half a second more should be enough for B:
    >>> time.sleep(0.5); print B.result
    B has finished
    """
    class thr (threading.Thread,object):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            threading.Thread.__init__ ( self )  
            self.args, self.kwargs = args, kwargs
            self.result = None
            self.start()
        def awaitResult(self):
            self.join()
            return self.result        
        def run(self):
            self.result=function(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
    return thr

Monkeypatching对象

Python中的每个对象都有__dict__成员，用于存储对象的属性。所以，你可以这样做:

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, arg1, arg2, **kwargs):
        #do stuff with arg1 and arg2
        self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

f = Foo('arg1', 'arg2', bar=20, baz=10)
#now f is a Foo object with two extra attributes

可以利用这一点向对象任意添加属性和函数。这也可以用来创建一个快速和肮脏的结构类型。

class struct(object):
    def __init__(**kwargs):
       self.__dict__.update(kwargs)

s = struct(foo=10, bar=11, baz="i'm a string!')