这里提供的所有答案都很棒，这是我的版本

文件描述符是非负整数，充当“文件”或I/O资源(如管道、套接字或数据流)的抽象句柄。这些描述符帮助我们与这些I/O资源进行交互，并使使用它们变得非常容易。I/O系统对于用户进程来说是一个字节流(I/O流)。Unix进程使用描述符(小的无符号整数)来引用I/O流。与I/O操作相关的系统调用以一个描述符作为参数。

有效的文件描述符范围从0到可配置的最大描述符数(ulimit， /proc/sys/fs/file-max)。内核为FD表的std输入(0)，std输出(1)和std错误(2)分配desc.。如果文件打开失败，fd返回-1。

当进程成功请求打开一个文件时，内核返回一个文件描述符，该描述符指向内核全局文件表中的一个条目。文件表项包含文件的inode、字节偏移量和该数据流的访问限制(只读、只写等)等信息。

As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]

关于文件描述符的更多要点:

文件描述符(FD)是非负整数(0,1,2，…)，它们与所打开的文件相关联。 0、1、2是标准FD，对应于程序启动时默认为shell打开的STDIN_FILENO、STDOUT_FILENO和STDERR_FILENO(在unistd.h中定义)。 FD是按顺序分配的，这意味着尽可能低的未分配整数值。 特定进程的FD可以在/proc/$pid/ FD(在基于Unix的系统上)中看到。

In simple words, when you open a file, the operating system creates an entry to represent that file and store the information about that opened file. So if there are 100 files opened in your OS then there will be 100 entries in OS (somewhere in kernel). These entries are represented by integers like (...100, 101, 102....). This entry number is the file descriptor. So it is just an integer number that uniquely represents an opened file for the process. If your process opens 10 files then your Process table will have 10 entries for file descriptors.

类似地，当您打开一个网络套接字时，它也由一个整数表示，称为套接字描述符。 我希望你能理解。

文件描述符

To Kernel all open files are referred to by file descriptors. A file descriptor is a non - negative integer. When we open an existing or create a new file, the kernel returns a file descriptor to a process. When we want to read or write on a file, we identify the file with file descriptor that was retuned by open or create, as an argument to either read or write. Each UNIX process has 20 file descriptors and it disposal, numbered 0 through 19 but it was extended to 63 by many systems. The first three are already opened when the process begins 0: The standard input 1: The standard output 2: The standard error output When the parent process forks a process, the child process inherits the file descriptors of the parent

除了以上所有简化的回答。

如果使用bash脚本处理文件，最好使用文件描述符。

例如: 如果你想读写文件"test.txt"，使用文件描述符如下所示:

FILE=$1 # give the name of file in the command line
exec 5<>$FILE # '5' here act as the file descriptor

# Reading from the file line by line using file descriptor
while read LINE; do
    echo "$LINE"
done <&5

# Writing to the file using descriptor
echo "Adding the date: `date`" >&5 
exec 5<&- # Closing a file descriptor