As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]

文件描述符(FD):

In Linux/Unix, everything is a file. Regular file, Directories, and even Devices are files. Every File has an associated number called File Descriptor (FD). Your screen also has a File Descriptor. When a program is executed the output is sent to File Descriptor of the screen, and you see program output on your monitor. If the output is sent to File Descriptor of the printer, the program output would have been printed. Error Redirection : Whenever you execute a program/command at the terminal, 3 files are always open standard input standard output standard error. These files are always present whenever a program is run. As explained before a file descriptor, is associated with each of these files. File                                        File Descriptor Standard Input STDIN              0 Standard Output STDOUT       1 Standard Error STDERR          2 For instance, while searching for files, one typically gets permission denied errors or some other kind of errors. These errors can be saved to a particular file. Example 1

$ ls mydir 2>错误文件.txt

标准错误的文件描述符是2。 如果没有任何名为mydir的目录，则命令的输出将保存到文件errorfile.txt 使用"2>"将错误输出重定向到名为"errorfile.txt"的文件 因此，程序输出不会充满错误。 我希望你得到了答案。

In simple words, when you open a file, the operating system creates an entry to represent that file and store the information about that opened file. So if there are 100 files opened in your OS then there will be 100 entries in OS (somewhere in kernel). These entries are represented by integers like (...100, 101, 102....). This entry number is the file descriptor. So it is just an integer number that uniquely represents an opened file for the process. If your process opens 10 files then your Process table will have 10 entries for file descriptors.

类似地，当您打开一个网络套接字时，它也由一个整数表示，称为套接字描述符。 我希望你能理解。

除了以上所有简化的回答。

如果使用bash脚本处理文件，最好使用文件描述符。

例如: 如果你想读写文件"test.txt"，使用文件描述符如下所示:

FILE=$1 # give the name of file in the command line
exec 5<>$FILE # '5' here act as the file descriptor

# Reading from the file line by line using file descriptor
while read LINE; do
    echo "$LINE"
done <&5

# Writing to the file using descriptor
echo "Adding the date: `date`" >&5 
exec 5<&- # Closing a file descriptor

来自马的嘴:APUE(理查德·史蒂文斯饰)。 对于内核，所有打开的文件都由文件描述符引用。文件描述符是非负数。

当我们打开一个现有文件或创建一个新文件时，内核会向进程返回一个文件描述符。内核维护一个包含所有正在使用的打开的文件描述符的表。文件描述符的分配通常是顺序的，它们从空闲文件描述符池中作为下一个空闲文件描述符分配给文件。关闭文件时，文件描述符将被释放，并可用于进一步分配。 请看这张图片了解更多细节:

When we want to read or write a file, we identify the file with the file descriptor that was returned by open() or create() function call, and use it as an argument to either read() or write(). It is by convention that, UNIX System shells associates the file descriptor 0 with Standard Input of a process, file descriptor 1 with Standard Output, and file descriptor 2 with Standard Error. File descriptor ranges from 0 to OPEN_MAX. File descriptor max value can be obtained with ulimit -n. For more information, go through 3rd chapter of APUE Book.

任何操作系统都有正在运行的进程(p)，比如p1、p2、p3等等。每个进程通常会持续使用文件。

每个过程都由一个过程树(或者另一种说法是进程表)组成。

通常，操作系统用数字表示每个进程中的每个文件(也就是说，在每个进程树/表中)。

进程中使用的第一个文件是file0，第二个是file1，第三个是file2，依此类推。

任何这样的数字都是文件描述符。

文件描述符通常是整数(0、1、2而不是0.5、1.5、2.5)。

假设我们经常将过程描述为“进程表”，并且假设表格有行(条目)，我们可以说每个条目中的文件描述符单元格用于表示整个条目。

以类似的方式，当您打开一个网络套接字时，它有一个套接字描述符。

在某些操作系统中，您可能会耗尽文件描述符，但这种情况极为罕见，普通计算机用户不必为此担心。

文件描述符可能是全局的(进程A开始于0，结束于1;进程B开始于2，结束于3)等等，但据我所知，通常在现代操作系统中，文件描述符不是全局的，实际上是特定于进程的(进程A开始于0，结束于5，而进程B开始于0，结束于10)。