As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]

A file descriptor is an opaque handle that is used in the interface between user and kernel space to identify file/socket resources. Therefore, when you use open() or socket() (system calls to interface to the kernel), you are given a file descriptor, which is an integer (it is actually an index into the processes u structure - but that is not important). Therefore, if you want to interface directly with the kernel, using system calls to read(), write(), close() etc. the handle you use is a file descriptor.

系统调用上覆盖了一个抽象层，即stdio接口。这比基本的系统调用提供了更多的功能/特性。对于这个接口，您获得的不透明句柄是一个FILE*，它由fopen()调用返回。有很多很多函数使用stdio接口fprintf()， fscanf()， fclose()，它们让你的生活更简单。在C语言中，stdin、stdout和stderr分别是FILE*，在UNIX中分别映射到文件描述符0、1和2。

As an addition to other answers, unix considers everything as a file system. Your keyboard is a file that is read only from the perspective of the kernel. The screen is a write only file. Similarly, folders, input-output devices etc are also considered to be files. Whenever a file is opened, say when the device drivers[for device files] requests an open(), or a process opens an user file the kernel allocates a file descriptor, an integer that specifies the access to that file such it being read only, write only etc. [for reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_is_a_file ]

我不知道内核代码，但我将在这里补充我的意见，因为我已经思考了一段时间，我认为这将是有用的。

当您打开一个文件时，内核返回一个文件描述符来与该文件进行交互。

文件描述符是您正在打开的文件的API的实现。内核创建这个文件描述符，将其存储在一个数组中，并将其提供给您。

例如，该API需要一个允许您读取和写入文件的实现。

现在，再想想我说过的话，记住所有东西都是文件——打印机、监视器、HTTP连接等等。

这是我阅读https://www.bottomupcs.com/file_descriptors.xhtml后的总结。

关于文件描述符的更多要点:

文件描述符(FD)是非负整数(0,1,2，…)，它们与所打开的文件相关联。 0、1、2是标准FD，对应于程序启动时默认为shell打开的STDIN_FILENO、STDOUT_FILENO和STDERR_FILENO(在unistd.h中定义)。 FD是按顺序分配的，这意味着尽可能低的未分配整数值。 特定进程的FD可以在/proc/$pid/ FD(在基于Unix的系统上)中看到。

来自马的嘴:APUE(理查德·史蒂文斯饰)。 对于内核，所有打开的文件都由文件描述符引用。文件描述符是非负数。

当我们打开一个现有文件或创建一个新文件时，内核会向进程返回一个文件描述符。内核维护一个包含所有正在使用的打开的文件描述符的表。文件描述符的分配通常是顺序的，它们从空闲文件描述符池中作为下一个空闲文件描述符分配给文件。关闭文件时，文件描述符将被释放，并可用于进一步分配。 请看这张图片了解更多细节:

When we want to read or write a file, we identify the file with the file descriptor that was returned by open() or create() function call, and use it as an argument to either read() or write(). It is by convention that, UNIX System shells associates the file descriptor 0 with Standard Input of a process, file descriptor 1 with Standard Output, and file descriptor 2 with Standard Error. File descriptor ranges from 0 to OPEN_MAX. File descriptor max value can be obtained with ulimit -n. For more information, go through 3rd chapter of APUE Book.