从我所看到的ControllerBase类中有helper方法。只需使用StatusCode方法:

[HttpPost]
public IActionResult Post([FromBody] string something)
{    
    //...
    try
    {
        DoSomething();
    }
    catch(Exception e)
    {
         LogException(e);
         return StatusCode(500);
    }
}

你也可以使用StatusCode重载(int StatusCode, object value)来协商内容。

如何创建一个自定义ObjectResult类，表示一个内部服务器错误，就像一个OkObjectResult? 您可以在自己的基类中放置一个简单的方法，这样您就可以轻松地生成InternalServerError并返回它，就像您做Ok()或BadRequest()一样。

[Route("api/[controller]")]
[ApiController]
public class MyController : MyControllerBase
{
    [HttpGet]
    [Route("{key}")]
    public IActionResult Get(int key)
    {
        try
        {
            //do something that fails
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            LogException(e);
            return InternalServerError();
        }
    }
}

public class MyControllerBase : ControllerBase
{
    public InternalServerErrorObjectResult InternalServerError()
    {
        return new InternalServerErrorObjectResult();
    }

    public InternalServerErrorObjectResult InternalServerError(object value)
    {
        return new InternalServerErrorObjectResult(value);
    }
}

public class InternalServerErrorObjectResult : ObjectResult
{
    public InternalServerErrorObjectResult(object value) : base(value)
    {
        StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError;
    }

    public InternalServerErrorObjectResult() : this(null)
    {
        StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError;
    }
}

当你想在MVC .Net Core中返回JSON响应时，你也可以使用:

Response.StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError;//Equals to HTTPResponse 500
return Json(new { responseText = "my error" });

这将返回JSON结果和HTTPStatus。我用它来返回结果到jQuery.ajax()。

对于aspnetcore-3.1，你也可以像下面这样使用Problem();

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/web-api/handle-errors?view=aspnetcore-3.1

 [Route("/error-local-development")]
public IActionResult ErrorLocalDevelopment(
    [FromServices] IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
{
    if (webHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName != "Development")
    {
        throw new InvalidOperationException(
            "This shouldn't be invoked in non-development environments.");
    }

    var context = HttpContext.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerFeature>();

    return Problem(
        detail: context.Error.StackTrace,
        title: context.Error.Message);
}

如果你需要一个人来回应，你可以打电话

return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError, responseObject);

这将返回一个500和响应对象…

目前(1.1)更好的处理方法是在Startup.cs的Configure()中执行:

app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");

这将执行/Error的路由。这将使您不必为编写的每个操作添加try-catch块。

当然，你需要添加一个类似这样的ErrorController:

[Route("[controller]")]
public class ErrorController : Controller
{
    [Route("")]
    [AllowAnonymous]
    public IActionResult Get()
    {
        return StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError);
    }
}

更多信息请点击这里。

如果您想要获得实际的异常数据，可以在return语句之前将其添加到上面的get()中。

// Get the details of the exception that occurred
var exceptionFeature = HttpContext.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerPathFeature>();

if (exceptionFeature != null)
{
    // Get which route the exception occurred at
    string routeWhereExceptionOccurred = exceptionFeature.Path;

    // Get the exception that occurred
    Exception exceptionThatOccurred = exceptionFeature.Error;

    // TODO: Do something with the exception
    // Log it with Serilog?
    // Send an e-mail, text, fax, or carrier pidgeon?  Maybe all of the above?
    // Whatever you do, be careful to catch any exceptions, otherwise you'll end up with a blank page and throwing a 500
}

以上片段摘自Scott Sauber的博客。