我想在任何现有的#include之前,用一个额外的include指令更新大量的c++源文件。对于这类任务,我通常使用带有sed的小型bash脚本来重写文件。
我如何得到sed替换一个文件中字符串的第一次出现,而不是替换每一次出现?
如果我用
sed s/#include/#include "newfile.h"\n#include/
它替换所有#includes。
我们也欢迎为达到同样目的而提出的其他建议。
我想在任何现有的#include之前,用一个额外的include指令更新大量的c++源文件。对于这类任务,我通常使用带有sed的小型bash脚本来重写文件。
我如何得到sed替换一个文件中字符串的第一次出现,而不是替换每一次出现?
如果我用
sed s/#include/#include "newfile.h"\n#include/
它替换所有#includes。
我们也欢迎为达到同样目的而提出的其他建议。
当前回答
这里可能的解决方案是告诉编译器包含头文件,而不在源文件中提到它。在GCC中有这些选项:
-include file
Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for
file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the
directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it
is searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search
chain as normal.
If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
the order they appear on the command line.
-imacros file
Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
file is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined. This
allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
processing its declarations.
All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
specified by -include.
微软的编译器有/FI(强制包含)选项。
这个特性对于一些常见的头文件来说很方便,比如平台配置。Linux内核的Makefile为此使用-include。
其他回答
sed脚本只将“Apple”第一次出现的位置替换为“Banana”
例子
Input: Output:
Apple Banana
Apple Apple
Orange Orange
Apple Apple
这是一个简单的脚本:编辑注:只适用于GNU sed。
sed '0,/Apple/{s/Apple/Banana/}' input_filename
前两个参数0和/Apple/是范围说明符。s/Apple/Banana/是在这个范围内执行的。因此,在这种情况下,“在Apple的开始(0)到第一个实例的范围内,将Apple替换为Banana。只有第一代苹果会被取代。
Background: In traditional sed the range specifier is also "begin here" and "end here" (inclusive). However the lowest "begin" is the first line (line 1), and if the "end here" is a regex, then it is only attempted to match against on the next line after "begin", so the earliest possible end is line 2. So since range is inclusive, smallest possible range is "2 lines" and smallest starting range is both lines 1 and 2 (i.e. if there's an occurrence on line 1, occurrences on line 2 will also be changed, not desired in this case). GNU sed adds its own extension of allowing specifying start as the "pseudo" line 0 so that the end of the range can be line 1, allowing it a range of "only the first line" if the regex matches the first line.
或者一个简化版本(空的RE,如//,意味着重用之前指定的,所以这是等价的):
sed '0,/Apple/{s//Banana/}' input_filename
对于s命令,花括号是可选的,所以这也是等价的:
sed '0,/Apple/s//Banana/' input_filename
所有这些工作都只在GNU上进行。
你也可以使用homebrew brew install GNU -sed在OS X上安装GNU sed。
sed '0,/pattern/s/pattern/replacement/' filename
这对我很管用。
例子
sed '0,/<Menu>/s/<Menu>/<Menu><Menu>Sub menu<\/Menu>/' try.txt > abc.txt
编者注:两者都只适用于GNU sed。
没什么新内容,只是可能有一些更具体的答案:sed -rn '0,/foo(bar)。* / % % \ 1% p '
示例:xwininfo -name unit -launcher输出如下:
xwininfo: Window id: 0x2200003 "unity-launcher"
Absolute upper-left X: -2980
Absolute upper-left Y: -198
Relative upper-left X: 0
Relative upper-left Y: 0
Width: 2880
Height: 98
Depth: 24
Visual: 0x21
Visual Class: TrueColor
Border width: 0
Class: InputOutput
Colormap: 0x20 (installed)
Bit Gravity State: ForgetGravity
Window Gravity State: NorthWestGravity
Backing Store State: NotUseful
Save Under State: no
Map State: IsViewable
Override Redirect State: no
Corners: +-2980+-198 -2980+-198 -2980-1900 +-2980-1900
-geometry 2880x98+-2980+-198
使用xwininfo -name unit -launcher|sed -rn '0提取窗口ID,/^xwininfo:窗口ID: (0x[0-9a- fa -f]+)。*/ s%%\1%p'产生:
0x2200003
POSIXly(在sed中也有效),只使用一个正则表达式,只需要一行内存(和往常一样):
sed '/\(#include\).*/!b;//{h;s//\1 "newfile.h"/;G};:1;n;b1'
解释道:
sed '
/\(#include\).*/!b # Only one regex used. On lines not matching
# the text `#include` **yet**,
# branch to end, cause the default print. Re-start.
//{ # On first line matching previous regex.
h # hold the line.
s//\1 "newfile.h"/ # append ` "newfile.h"` to the `#include` matched.
G # append a newline.
} # end of replacement.
:1 # Once **one** replacement got done (the first match)
n # Loop continually reading a line each time
b1 # and printing it by default.
' # end of sed script.
如果有人来这里替换所有行中第一次出现的字符(比如我自己),使用这个:
sed '/old/s/old/new/1' file
-bash-4.2$ cat file
123a456a789a
12a34a56
a12
-bash-4.2$ sed '/a/s/a/b/1' file
123b456a789a
12b34a56
b12
例如,通过将1改为2,你可以只替换所有的第二个a。