提醒一下。您说在您的数据库中“ß”应该显示为“Ÿ”。

这可能是因为你正在使用一个Latin-1字符编码的数据库，或者你的PHP-MySQL连接设置错误，也就是说，P认为你的MySQL设置为使用UTF-8，所以它发送数据为UTF-8，但你的MySQL认为PHP发送的数据编码为ISO 8859-1，所以它可能再次尝试将你发送的数据编码为UTF-8，造成这种麻烦。

看一下mysql_set_charset。它可能对你有帮助。

检测编码是困难的。

mb_detect_encoding works by guessing, based on a number of candidates that you pass it. In some encodings, certain byte-sequences are invalid, an therefore it can distinguish between various candidates. Unfortunately, there are a lot of encodings, where the same bytes are valid (but different). In these cases, there is no way to determine the encoding; You can implement your own logic to make guesses in these cases. For example, data coming from a Japanese site might be more likely to have a Japanese encoding.

As long as you only deal with Western European languages, the three major encodings to consider are utf-8, iso-8859-1 and cp-1252. Since these are defaults for many platforms, they are also the most likely to be reported wrongly about. Eg. if people use different encodings, they are likely to be frank about it, since else their software would break very often. Therefore, a good strategy is to trust the provider, unless the encoding is reported as one of those three. You should still doublecheck that it is indeed valid, using mb_check_encoding (note that valid is not the same as being - the same input may be valid for many encodings). If it is one of those, you can then use mb_detect_encoding to distinguish between them. Luckily that is fairly deterministic; You just need to use the proper detect-sequence, which is UTF-8,ISO-8859-1,WINDOWS-1252.

一旦检测到编码，就需要将其转换为内部表示(UTF-8是唯一明智的选择)。函数utf8_encode将ISO-8859-1转换为UTF-8，因此它只能用于特定的输入类型。对于其他编码，使用mb_convert_encoding。

哈帕克斯的回答对我很管用。对我来说，这就足够了:

if (isUTF8($str)) {
    echo $str;
}
else
{
    echo iconv("ISO-8859-1", "UTF-8//TRANSLIT", $str);
}

此版本适用于德语，但您可以修改$CHARSETS和$TESTCHARS。

class CharsetDetector
{
    private static $CHARSETS = array(
        "ISO_8859-1",
        "ISO_8859-15",
        "CP850"
    );

    private static $TESTCHARS = array(
        "€",
        "ä",
        "Ä",
        "ö",
        "Ö",
        "ü",
        "Ü",
        "ß"
    );

    public static function convert($string)
    {
        return self::__iconv($string, self::getCharset($string));
    }

    public static function getCharset($string)
    {
        $normalized = self::__normalize($string);
        if(!strlen($normalized))
            return "UTF-8";
        $best = "UTF-8";
        $charcountbest = 0;
        foreach (self::$CHARSETS as $charset)
        {
            $str = self::__iconv($normalized, $charset);
            $charcount = 0;
            $stop = mb_strlen($str, "UTF-8");

            for($idx = 0; $idx < $stop; $idx++)
            {
                $char = mb_substr($str, $idx, 1, "UTF-8");
                foreach (self::$TESTCHARS as $testchar)
                {
                    if($char == $testchar)
                    {
                        $charcount++;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            if($charcount > $charcountbest)
            {
                $charcountbest = $charcount;
                $best = $charset;
            }
            //echo $text . "<br />";
        }
        return $best;
    }

    private static function __normalize($str)
    {
        $len = strlen($str);
        $ret = "";
        for($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++)
        {
            $c = ord($str[$i]);
            if ($c > 128) {
                if (($c > 247))
                    $ret .= $str[$i];
                elseif
                    ($c > 239) $bytes = 4;
                elseif
                    ($c > 223) $bytes = 3;
                elseif
                    ($c > 191) $bytes = 2;
                else
                    $ret .= $str[$i];

                if (($i + $bytes) > $len)
                    $ret .= $str[$i];
                $ret2 = $str[$i];
                while ($bytes > 1)
                {
                    $i++;
                    $b = ord($str[$i]);
                    if ($b < 128 || $b > 191)
                    {
                        $ret .= $ret2;
                        $ret2 = "";
                        $i += $bytes-1;
                        $bytes = 1;
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                        $ret2 .= $str[$i];
                    $bytes--;
                }
            }
        }
        return $ret;
    }

    private static function __iconv($string, $charset)
    {
        return iconv ($charset, "UTF-8", $string);
    }
}

对于汉字，通常采用GBK编码。此外，在测试时，投票最多的答案不成立。这里有一个简单的修复方法，让它也能正常工作:

function toUTF8($raw) {
    try{
        return mb_convert_encoding($raw, "UTF-8", "auto"); 
    }catch(\Exception $e){
        return mb_convert_encoding($raw, "UTF-8", "GBK"); 
    }
}

注:这个解决方案是在2017年编写的，应该可以修复当时PHP的问题。我还没有测试最新的PHP是否已经正确理解自动。

我在http://deer.org.ua/2009/10/06/1/:上找到了一个解决方案

class Encoding
{
    /**
     * http://deer.org.ua/2009/10/06/1/
     * @param $string
     * @return null
     */
    public static function detect_encoding($string)
    {
        static $list = ['utf-8', 'windows-1251'];

        foreach ($list as $item) {
            try {
                $sample = iconv($item, $item, $string);
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                continue;
            }
            if (md5($sample) == md5($string)) {
                return $item;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}

$content = file_get_contents($file['tmp_name']);
$encoding = Encoding::detect_encoding($content);
if ($encoding != 'utf-8') {
    $result = iconv($encoding, 'utf-8', $content);
} else {
    $result = $content;
}

我认为@是一个糟糕的决定，并对deer.org.ua的解决方案做了一些更改。