try {
}
catch(Exception e) {
    StackTraceElement[] traceElements = e.getStackTrace();
    //...
}

or

Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()

StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();

数组的最后一个元素表示堆栈的底部，这是序列中最近的方法调用。

A StackTraceElement has getClassName(), getFileName(), getLineNumber() and getMethodName().

循环遍历StackTraceElement并获得所需的结果。

for (StackTraceElement ste : stackTraceElements ) 
{
    //do your stuff here...
}

Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();

从JDK1.5开始可用。

对于旧版本，你可以重定向exception.printStackTrace()到StringWriter():

StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
new Throwable("").printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(sw));
String stackTrace = sw.toString();

for (StackTraceElement ste : Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()) {
    System.out.println(ste + "\n");
}

在Java 9中有一种新的方法:

public static void showTrace() {

  List<StackFrame> frames =
    StackWalker.getInstance( Option.RETAIN_CLASS_REFERENCE )
               .walk( stream  -> stream.collect( Collectors.toList() ) );

  for ( StackFrame stackFrame : frames )
    System.out.println( stackFrame );
}

我使用了上面的答案并添加了格式

public final class DebugUtil {

    private static final String SEPARATOR = "\n";

    private DebugUtil() {
    }

    public static String formatStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) {
        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
        for (StackTraceElement element : stackTrace) {
            buffer.append(element).append(SEPARATOR);
        }
        return buffer.toString();
    }

    public static String formatCurrentStacktrace() {
        StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
        return formatStackTrace(stackTrace);
    }
}