Most answers here forget the obvious culprit why recursion is often slower than iterative solutions. It's linked with the build up and tear down of stack frames but is not exactly that. It's generally a big difference in the storage of the auto variable for each recursion. In an iterative algorithm with a loop, the variables are often held in registers and even if they spill, they will reside in the Level 1 cache. In a recursive algorithm, all intermediary states of the variable are stored on the stack, meaning they will generate many more spills to memory. This means that even if it makes the same amount of operations, it will have a lot memory accesses in the hot loop and what makes it worse, these memory operations have a lousy reuse rate making the caches less effective.

递归算法的缓存行为通常比迭代算法差。

从理论上讲，两者是一样的。 具有相同O()复杂度的递归和循环将以相同的理论速度工作，但当然，实际速度取决于语言、编译器和处理器。 数幂例可用O(ln(n))迭代编码:

  int power(int t, int k) {
  int res = 1;
  while (k) {
    if (k & 1) res *= t;
    t *= t;
    k >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
  }

在任何现实的系统中，不，创建一个堆栈框架总是比创建INC和JMP更昂贵。这就是为什么真正好的编译器会自动将尾递归转换为对同一帧的调用，也就是说，没有开销，所以你会得到更可读的源版本和更有效的编译版本。一个非常非常好的编译器甚至应该能够在可能的情况下将普通的递归转换为尾部递归。

函数式编程更多的是关于“是什么”而不是“如何”。

语言实现者会找到一种方法来优化代码在底层的工作方式，如果我们不试图让它比它需要的更优化的话。递归也可以在支持尾部调用优化的语言中进行优化。

从程序员的角度来看，更重要的是可读性和可维护性，而不是首先进行优化。再次强调，“过早优化是万恶之源”。

Most answers here forget the obvious culprit why recursion is often slower than iterative solutions. It's linked with the build up and tear down of stack frames but is not exactly that. It's generally a big difference in the storage of the auto variable for each recursion. In an iterative algorithm with a loop, the variables are often held in registers and even if they spill, they will reside in the Level 1 cache. In a recursive algorithm, all intermediary states of the variable are stored on the stack, meaning they will generate many more spills to memory. This means that even if it makes the same amount of operations, it will have a lot memory accesses in the hot loop and what makes it worse, these memory operations have a lousy reuse rate making the caches less effective.

递归算法的缓存行为通常比迭代算法差。

尾递归和循环一样快。许多函数式语言都实现了尾部递归。