package main

import (
    "encoding/base64"
    "fmt"
    "math/rand"
    "time"
)

// customEncodeURL is like `bas64.encodeURL` 
// except its made up entirely of uppercase characters:
const customEncodeURL = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL"

// Random generates a random string.
// It is not cryptographically secure.
func Random(n int) string {
    b := make([]byte, n)
    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
    _, _ = rand.Read(b) // docs say that it always returns a nil error.

    customEncoding := base64.NewEncoding(customEncodeURL).WithPadding(base64.NoPadding)
    return customEncoding.EncodeToString(b)
}

func main() {
    fmt.Println(Random(16))
}

const (
    chars       = "0123456789_abcdefghijkl-mnopqrstuvwxyz" //ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
    charsLen    = len(chars)
    mask        = 1<<6 - 1
)

var rng = rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())

// RandStr 返回指定长度的随机字符串
func RandStr(ln int) string {
    /* chars 38个字符
     * rng.Int63() 每次产出64bit的随机数,每次我们使用6bit(2^6=64) 可以使用10次
     */
    buf := make([]byte, ln)
    for idx, cache, remain := ln-1, rng.Int63(), 10; idx >= 0; {
        if remain == 0 {
            cache, remain = rng.Int63(), 10
        }
        buf[idx] = chars[int(cache&mask)%charsLen]
        cache >>= 6
        remain--
        idx--
    }
    return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf))
}

基准RandStr16-8 20000000 68.1 ns/op 16 B/op 1 分配/操作

作为icza的出色解决方案的后续，下面我使用rand。读者

func RandStringBytesMaskImprRandReaderUnsafe(length uint) (string, error) {
    const (
        charset     = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
        charIdxBits = 6                  // 6 bits to represent a letter index
        charIdxMask = 1<<charIdxBits - 1 // All 1-bits, as many as charIdxBits
        charIdxMax  = 63 / charIdxBits   // # of letter indices fitting in 63 bits
    )

    buffer := make([]byte, length)
    charsetLength := len(charset)
    max := big.NewInt(int64(1 << uint64(charsetLength)))

    limit, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, max)
    if err != nil {
        return "", err
    }

    for index, cache, remain := int(length-1), limit.Int64(), charIdxMax; index >= 0; {
        if remain == 0 {
            limit, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, max)
            if err != nil {
                return "", err
            }

            cache, remain = limit.Int64(), charIdxMax
        }

        if idx := int(cache & charIdxMask); idx < charsetLength {
            buffer[index] = charset[idx]
            index--
        }

        cache >>= charIdxBits
        remain--
    }

    return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&buffer)), nil
}


func BenchmarkBytesMaskImprRandReaderUnsafe(b *testing.B) {
    b.ReportAllocs()
    b.ResetTimer()

    const length = 16

    b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
        for pb.Next() {
            RandStringBytesMaskImprRandReaderUnsafe(length)
        }
    })
}

这里是一个简单而高效的加密安全随机字符串的解决方案。

package main

import (
    "crypto/rand"
    "unsafe"
    "fmt"
)

var alphabet = []byte("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")

func main() {
    fmt.Println(generate(16))
}

func generate(size int) string {
    b := make([]byte, size)
    rand.Read(b)
    for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
        b[i] = alphabet[b[i] % byte(len(alphabet))]
    }
    return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
}

基准

Benchmark  95.2 ns/op      16 B/op      1 allocs/op

使用包uniuri，它生成加密安全的统一(无偏)字符串。

免责声明:我是该软件包的作者

如果您想要加密安全的随机数，并且确切的字符集是灵活的(例如，base64就可以)，那么您可以根据所需的输出大小精确计算所需的随机字符的长度。

64进制文本比256进制文本长1/3。(2^8 vs 2^6;8位/6位= 1.333比率)

import (
    "crypto/rand"
    "encoding/base64"
    "math"
)

func randomBase64String(l int) string {
    buff := make([]byte, int(math.Ceil(float64(l)/float64(1.33333333333))))
    rand.Read(buff)
    str := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buff)
    return str[:l] // strip 1 extra character we get from odd length results
}

注意:你也可以使用RawStdEncoding，如果你喜欢+和/字符-和_

如果你想要十六进制，以16为底比以256为底长2倍。(2^8 vs 2^4;8位/4位= 2x比例)

import (
    "crypto/rand"
    "encoding/hex"
    "math"
)


func randomBase16String(l int) string {
    buff := make([]byte, int(math.Ceil(float64(l)/2)))
    rand.Read(buff)
    str := hex.EncodeToString(buff)
    return str[:l] // strip 1 extra character we get from odd length results
}

但是，如果您的字符集使用base256到baseN编码器，则可以将其扩展到任何任意字符集。你可以用同样的大小计算需要多少位来表示你的字符集。任何任意字符集的比率计算是:ratio = 8 / log2(len(字符集)))。

虽然这两种解决方案都是安全的，简单的，应该是快速的，并且不会浪费您的加密熵池。

这是一个游乐场，它适用于任何尺寸。https://play.golang.org/p/_yF_xxXer0Z