在Go中,我只想要一个随机字符串(大写或小写),没有数字。最快最简单的方法是什么?
当前回答
如果您愿意向允许的字符池中添加一些字符,您可以使代码与任何通过io.Reader提供随机字节的东西一起工作。这里我们使用的是crypto/rand。
// len(encodeURL) == 64. This allows (x <= 265) x % 64 to have an even
// distribution.
const encodeURL = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_"
// A helper function create and fill a slice of length n with characters from
// a-zA-Z0-9_-. It panics if there are any problems getting random bytes.
func RandAsciiBytes(n int) []byte {
output := make([]byte, n)
// We will take n bytes, one byte for each character of output.
randomness := make([]byte, n)
// read all random
_, err := rand.Read(randomness)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// fill output
for pos := range output {
// get random item
random := uint8(randomness[pos])
// random % 64
randomPos := random % uint8(len(encodeURL))
// put into output
output[pos] = encodeURL[randomPos]
}
return output
}
其他回答
如果您想要加密安全的随机数,并且确切的字符集是灵活的(例如,base64就可以),那么您可以根据所需的输出大小精确计算所需的随机字符的长度。
64进制文本比256进制文本长1/3。(2^8 vs 2^6;8位/6位= 1.333比率)
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/base64"
"math"
)
func randomBase64String(l int) string {
buff := make([]byte, int(math.Ceil(float64(l)/float64(1.33333333333))))
rand.Read(buff)
str := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buff)
return str[:l] // strip 1 extra character we get from odd length results
}
注意:你也可以使用RawStdEncoding,如果你喜欢+和/字符-和_
如果你想要十六进制,以16为底比以256为底长2倍。(2^8 vs 2^4;8位/4位= 2x比例)
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/hex"
"math"
)
func randomBase16String(l int) string {
buff := make([]byte, int(math.Ceil(float64(l)/2)))
rand.Read(buff)
str := hex.EncodeToString(buff)
return str[:l] // strip 1 extra character we get from odd length results
}
但是,如果您的字符集使用base256到baseN编码器,则可以将其扩展到任何任意字符集。你可以用同样的大小计算需要多少位来表示你的字符集。任何任意字符集的比率计算是:ratio = 8 / log2(len(字符集)))。
虽然这两种解决方案都是安全的,简单的,应该是快速的,并且不会浪费您的加密熵池。
这是一个游乐场,它适用于任何尺寸。https://play.golang.org/p/_yF_xxXer0Z
简单的解决方案,最少重复的结果:
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func randomString(length int) string {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
b := make([]byte, length+2)
rand.Read(b)
return fmt.Sprintf("%x", b)[2 : length+2]
}
在操场上看看
在icza精彩解释的解决方案之后,这里是它的一个修改,使用加密/兰特而不是数学/兰特。
const (
letterBytes = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" // 52 possibilities
letterIdxBits = 6 // 6 bits to represent 64 possibilities / indexes
letterIdxMask = 1<<letterIdxBits - 1 // All 1-bits, as many as letterIdxBits
)
func SecureRandomAlphaString(length int) string {
result := make([]byte, length)
bufferSize := int(float64(length)*1.3)
for i, j, randomBytes := 0, 0, []byte{}; i < length; j++ {
if j%bufferSize == 0 {
randomBytes = SecureRandomBytes(bufferSize)
}
if idx := int(randomBytes[j%length] & letterIdxMask); idx < len(letterBytes) {
result[i] = letterBytes[idx]
i++
}
}
return string(result)
}
// SecureRandomBytes returns the requested number of bytes using crypto/rand
func SecureRandomBytes(length int) []byte {
var randomBytes = make([]byte, length)
_, err := rand.Read(randomBytes)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Unable to generate random bytes")
}
return randomBytes
}
如果你想要一个更通用的解决方案,它允许你传入字符字节的切片来创建字符串,你可以尝试使用这个:
// SecureRandomString returns a string of the requested length,
// made from the byte characters provided (only ASCII allowed).
// Uses crypto/rand for security. Will panic if len(availableCharBytes) > 256.
func SecureRandomString(availableCharBytes string, length int) string {
// Compute bitMask
availableCharLength := len(availableCharBytes)
if availableCharLength == 0 || availableCharLength > 256 {
panic("availableCharBytes length must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 256")
}
var bitLength byte
var bitMask byte
for bits := availableCharLength - 1; bits != 0; {
bits = bits >> 1
bitLength++
}
bitMask = 1<<bitLength - 1
// Compute bufferSize
bufferSize := length + length / 3
// Create random string
result := make([]byte, length)
for i, j, randomBytes := 0, 0, []byte{}; i < length; j++ {
if j%bufferSize == 0 {
// Random byte buffer is empty, get a new one
randomBytes = SecureRandomBytes(bufferSize)
}
// Mask bytes to get an index into the character slice
if idx := int(randomBytes[j%length] & bitMask); idx < availableCharLength {
result[i] = availableCharBytes[idx]
i++
}
}
return string(result)
}
如果你想传入你自己的随机源,修改上面的内容来接受io是很简单的。Reader而不是使用crypto/rand。
package main
import (
"encoding/base64"
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
// customEncodeURL is like `bas64.encodeURL`
// except its made up entirely of uppercase characters:
const customEncodeURL = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL"
// Random generates a random string.
// It is not cryptographically secure.
func Random(n int) string {
b := make([]byte, n)
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
_, _ = rand.Read(b) // docs say that it always returns a nil error.
customEncoding := base64.NewEncoding(customEncodeURL).WithPadding(base64.NoPadding)
return customEncoding.EncodeToString(b)
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(Random(16))
}
/*
korzhao
*/
package rand
import (
crand "crypto/rand"
"math/rand"
"sync"
"time"
"unsafe"
)
// Doesn't share the rand library globally, reducing lock contention
type Rand struct {
Seed int64
Pool *sync.Pool
}
var (
MRand = NewRand()
randlist = []byte("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890")
)
// init random number generator
func NewRand() *Rand {
p := &sync.Pool{New: func() interface{} {
return rand.New(rand.NewSource(getSeed()))
},
}
mrand := &Rand{
Pool: p,
}
return mrand
}
// get the seed
func getSeed() int64 {
return time.Now().UnixNano()
}
func (s *Rand) getrand() *rand.Rand {
return s.Pool.Get().(*rand.Rand)
}
func (s *Rand) putrand(r *rand.Rand) {
s.Pool.Put(r)
}
// get a random number
func (s *Rand) Intn(n int) int {
r := s.getrand()
defer s.putrand(r)
return r.Intn(n)
}
// bulk get random numbers
func (s *Rand) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
r := s.getrand()
defer s.putrand(r)
return r.Read(p)
}
func CreateRandomString(len int) string {
b := make([]byte, len)
_, err := MRand.Read(b)
if err != nil {
return ""
}
for i := 0; i < len; i++ {
b[i] = randlist[b[i]%(62)]
}
return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
}
24.0 ns/op 16 B/op 1 allocs/
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