我想要一份真正的深度拷贝。在Java中，这很容易，但在c#中如何做到呢?
当前回答
最好的方法是:
public interface IDeepClonable<T> where T : class
{
T DeepClone();
}
public class MyObj : IDeepClonable<MyObj>
{
public MyObj Clone()
{
var myObj = new MyObj();
myObj._field1 = _field1;//value type
myObj._field2 = _field2;//value type
myObj._field3 = _field3;//value type
if (_child != null)
{
myObj._child = _child.DeepClone(); //reference type .DeepClone() that does the same
}
int len = _array.Length;
myObj._array = new MyObj[len]; // array / collection
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
myObj._array[i] = _array[i];
}
return myObj;
}
private bool _field1;
public bool Field1
{
get { return _field1; }
set { _field1 = value; }
}
private int _field2;
public int Property2
{
get { return _field2; }
set { _field2 = value; }
}
private string _field3;
public string Property3
{
get { return _field3; }
set { _field3 = value; }
}
private MyObj _child;
private MyObj Child
{
get { return _child; }
set { _child = value; }
}
private MyObj[] _array = new MyObj[4];
}
其他回答
基于Kilhoffer的解决方案……
在c# 3.0中，你可以像下面这样创建一个扩展方法:
public static class ExtensionMethods
{
// Deep clone
public static T DeepClone<T>(this T a)
{
using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream())
{
BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
formatter.Serialize(stream, a);
stream.Position = 0;
return (T) formatter.Deserialize(stream);
}
}
}
用DeepClone方法扩展任何标记为[Serializable]的类
MyClass copy = obj.DeepClone();
我认为BinaryFormatter方法相对较慢(这让我很惊讶!)。如果某些对象满足ProtoBuf的要求，你可以使用ProtoBuf. net。从ProtoBuf入门页面(http://code.google.com/p/protobuf-net/wiki/GettingStarted):
支持的类型说明:
自定义类:
被标记为数据契约 有一个无参数的构造函数 对于Silverlight:是公共的 许多公共原语等等。 一维数组:T[] List<T> / IList<T> 字典<TKey, TValue> /字典<TKey, TValue> 实现IEnumerable<T>并具有Add(T)方法的任何类型
代码假设类型将围绕所选成员进行更改。因此，不支持自定义结构，因为它们应该是不可变的。
如果你的课程符合这些要求，你可以尝试:
public static void deepCopy<T>(ref T object2Copy, ref T objectCopy)
{
using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
{
Serializer.Serialize(stream, object2Copy);
stream.Position = 0;
objectCopy = Serializer.Deserialize<T>(stream);
}
}
这确实非常快……
编辑:
下面是对其进行修改的代码(在. net 4.6上进行了测试)。它使用System.Xml.Serialization和System.IO。不需要将类标记为可序列化的。
public void DeepCopy<T>(ref T object2Copy, ref T objectCopy)
{
using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
{
var serializer = new XS.XmlSerializer(typeof(T));
serializer.Serialize(stream, object2Copy);
stream.Position = 0;
objectCopy = (T)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
}
}
最好的方法是:
public interface IDeepClonable<T> where T : class
{
T DeepClone();
}
public class MyObj : IDeepClonable<MyObj>
{
public MyObj Clone()
{
var myObj = new MyObj();
myObj._field1 = _field1;//value type
myObj._field2 = _field2;//value type
myObj._field3 = _field3;//value type
if (_child != null)
{
myObj._child = _child.DeepClone(); //reference type .DeepClone() that does the same
}
int len = _array.Length;
myObj._array = new MyObj[len]; // array / collection
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
myObj._array[i] = _array[i];
}
return myObj;
}
private bool _field1;
public bool Field1
{
get { return _field1; }
set { _field1 = value; }
}
private int _field2;
public int Property2
{
get { return _field2; }
set { _field2 = value; }
}
private string _field3;
public string Property3
{
get { return _field3; }
set { _field3 = value; }
}
private MyObj _child;
private MyObj Child
{
get { return _child; }
set { _child = value; }
}
private MyObj[] _array = new MyObj[4];
}
我写了一个深度对象复制扩展方法，基于递归的“MemberwiseClone”。它的速度很快(比BinaryFormatter快三倍)，并且它适用于任何对象。您不需要默认构造函数或可序列化属性。
源代码:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using System.ArrayExtensions;
namespace System
{
public static class ObjectExtensions
{
private static readonly MethodInfo CloneMethod = typeof(Object).GetMethod("MemberwiseClone", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
public static bool IsPrimitive(this Type type)
{
if (type == typeof(String)) return true;
return (type.IsValueType & type.IsPrimitive);
}
public static Object Copy(this Object originalObject)
{
return InternalCopy(originalObject, new Dictionary<Object, Object>(new ReferenceEqualityComparer()));
}
private static Object InternalCopy(Object originalObject, IDictionary<Object, Object> visited)
{
if (originalObject == null) return null;
var typeToReflect = originalObject.GetType();
if (IsPrimitive(typeToReflect)) return originalObject;
if (visited.ContainsKey(originalObject)) return visited[originalObject];
if (typeof(Delegate).IsAssignableFrom(typeToReflect)) return null;
var cloneObject = CloneMethod.Invoke(originalObject, null);
if (typeToReflect.IsArray)
{
var arrayType = typeToReflect.GetElementType();
if (IsPrimitive(arrayType) == false)
{
Array clonedArray = (Array)cloneObject;
clonedArray.ForEach((array, indices) => array.SetValue(InternalCopy(clonedArray.GetValue(indices), visited), indices));
}
}
visited.Add(originalObject, cloneObject);
CopyFields(originalObject, visited, cloneObject, typeToReflect);
RecursiveCopyBaseTypePrivateFields(originalObject, visited, cloneObject, typeToReflect);
return cloneObject;
}
private static void RecursiveCopyBaseTypePrivateFields(object originalObject, IDictionary<object, object> visited, object cloneObject, Type typeToReflect)
{
if (typeToReflect.BaseType != null)
{
RecursiveCopyBaseTypePrivateFields(originalObject, visited, cloneObject, typeToReflect.BaseType);
CopyFields(originalObject, visited, cloneObject, typeToReflect.BaseType, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic, info => info.IsPrivate);
}
}
private static void CopyFields(object originalObject, IDictionary<object, object> visited, object cloneObject, Type typeToReflect, BindingFlags bindingFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy, Func<FieldInfo, bool> filter = null)
{
foreach (FieldInfo fieldInfo in typeToReflect.GetFields(bindingFlags))
{
if (filter != null && filter(fieldInfo) == false) continue;
if (IsPrimitive(fieldInfo.FieldType)) continue;
var originalFieldValue = fieldInfo.GetValue(originalObject);
var clonedFieldValue = InternalCopy(originalFieldValue, visited);
fieldInfo.SetValue(cloneObject, clonedFieldValue);
}
}
public static T Copy<T>(this T original)
{
return (T)Copy((Object)original);
}
}
public class ReferenceEqualityComparer : EqualityComparer<Object>
{
public override bool Equals(object x, object y)
{
return ReferenceEquals(x, y);
}
public override int GetHashCode(object obj)
{
if (obj == null) return 0;
return obj.GetHashCode();
}
}
namespace ArrayExtensions
{
public static class ArrayExtensions
{
public static void ForEach(this Array array, Action<Array, int[]> action)
{
if (array.LongLength == 0) return;
ArrayTraverse walker = new ArrayTraverse(array);
do action(array, walker.Position);
while (walker.Step());
}
}
internal class ArrayTraverse
{
public int[] Position;
private int[] maxLengths;
public ArrayTraverse(Array array)
{
maxLengths = new int[array.Rank];
for (int i = 0; i < array.Rank; ++i)
{
maxLengths[i] = array.GetLength(i) - 1;
}
Position = new int[array.Rank];
}
public bool Step()
{
for (int i = 0; i < Position.Length; ++i)
{
if (Position[i] < maxLengths[i])
{
Position[i]++;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
Position[j] = 0;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
}
}
您可以使用嵌套MemberwiseClone进行深度复制。它几乎与复制值结构体的速度相同，并且比(a)反射或(b)序列化快一个数量级(如本页的其他回答所述)。
注意，如果你使用嵌套MemberwiseClone进行深度复制，你必须手动为类中的每个嵌套级别实现一个ShallowCopy，并调用所有ShallowCopy方法来创建一个完整的克隆。这很简单:总共只有几行，请参阅下面的演示代码。
下面是显示相对性能差异的代码输出(深嵌套MemberwiseCopy为4.77秒，Serialization为39.93秒)。使用嵌套的MemberwiseCopy几乎和复制结构体一样快，而且复制结构体非常接近。net所能实现的理论最大速度，这可能非常接近C或c++中同样事情的速度(但必须运行一些等效的基准测试来验证这一说法)。
Demo of shallow and deep copy, using classes and MemberwiseClone:
Create Bob
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Clone Bob >> BobsSon
Adjust BobsSon details
BobsSon.Age=2, BobsSon.Purchase.Description=Toy car
Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Elapsed time: 00:00:04.7795670,30000000
Demo of shallow and deep copy, using structs and value copying:
Create Bob
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Clone Bob >> BobsSon
Adjust BobsSon details:
BobsSon.Age=2, BobsSon.Purchase.Description=Toy car
Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Elapsed time: 00:00:01.0875454,30000000
Demo of deep copy, using class and serialize/deserialize:
Elapsed time: 00:00:39.9339425,30000000
为了理解如何使用MemberwiseCopy进行深度复制，下面是演示项目:
// Nested MemberwiseClone example.
// Added to demo how to deep copy a reference class.
[Serializable] // Not required if using MemberwiseClone, only used for speed comparison using serialization.
public class Person
{
public Person(int age, string description)
{
this.Age = age;
this.Purchase.Description = description;
}
[Serializable] // Not required if using MemberwiseClone
public class PurchaseType
{
public string Description;
public PurchaseType ShallowCopy()
{
return (PurchaseType)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
}
public PurchaseType Purchase = new PurchaseType();
public int Age;
// Add this if using nested MemberwiseClone.
// This is a class, which is a reference type, so cloning is more difficult.
public Person ShallowCopy()
{
return (Person)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
// Add this if using nested MemberwiseClone.
// This is a class, which is a reference type, so cloning is more difficult.
public Person DeepCopy()
{
// Clone the root ...
Person other = (Person) this.MemberwiseClone();
// ... then clone the nested class.
other.Purchase = this.Purchase.ShallowCopy();
return other;
}
}
// Added to demo how to copy a value struct (this is easy - a deep copy happens by default)
public struct PersonStruct
{
public PersonStruct(int age, string description)
{
this.Age = age;
this.Purchase.Description = description;
}
public struct PurchaseType
{
public string Description;
}
public PurchaseType Purchase;
public int Age;
// This is a struct, which is a value type, so everything is a clone by default.
public PersonStruct ShallowCopy()
{
return (PersonStruct)this;
}
// This is a struct, which is a value type, so everything is a clone by default.
public PersonStruct DeepCopy()
{
return (PersonStruct)this;
}
}
// Added only for a speed comparison.
public class MyDeepCopy
{
public static T DeepCopy<T>(T obj)
{
object result = null;
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
var formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
formatter.Serialize(ms, obj);
ms.Position = 0;
result = (T)formatter.Deserialize(ms);
ms.Close();
}
return (T)result;
}
}
然后，从main调用演示:
void MyMain(string[] args)
{
{
Console.Write("Demo of shallow and deep copy, using classes and MemberwiseCopy:\n");
var Bob = new Person(30, "Lamborghini");
Console.Write(" Create Bob\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Clone Bob >> BobsSon\n");
var BobsSon = Bob.DeepCopy();
Console.Write(" Adjust BobsSon details\n");
BobsSon.Age = 2;
BobsSon.Purchase.Description = "Toy car";
Console.Write(" BobsSon.Age={0}, BobsSon.Purchase.Description={1}\n", BobsSon.Age, BobsSon.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Age == 30);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Purchase.Description == "Lamborghini");
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var n = Bob.DeepCopy();
total += n.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
{
Console.Write("Demo of shallow and deep copy, using structs:\n");
var Bob = new PersonStruct(30, "Lamborghini");
Console.Write(" Create Bob\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Clone Bob >> BobsSon\n");
var BobsSon = Bob.DeepCopy();
Console.Write(" Adjust BobsSon details:\n");
BobsSon.Age = 2;
BobsSon.Purchase.Description = "Toy car";
Console.Write(" BobsSon.Age={0}, BobsSon.Purchase.Description={1}\n", BobsSon.Age, BobsSon.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Age == 30);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Purchase.Description == "Lamborghini");
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var n = Bob.DeepCopy();
total += n.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
{
Console.Write("Demo of deep copy, using class and serialize/deserialize:\n");
int total = 0;
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
var Bob = new Person(30, "Lamborghini");
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var BobsSon = MyDeepCopy.DeepCopy<Person>(Bob);
total += BobsSon.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
再次注意，如果你使用嵌套MemberwiseClone进行深度复制，你必须手动为类中的每个嵌套级别实现一个ShallowCopy，并调用所有所说的ShallowCopy方法来创建一个完整的克隆。这很简单:总共只有几行，参见上面的演示代码。
注意，在克隆对象时，“struct”和“class”之间有很大的区别:
If you have a "struct", it's a value type so you can just copy it, and the contents will be cloned. If you have a "class", it's a reference type, so if you copy it, all you are doing is copying the pointer to it. To create a true clone, you have to be more creative, and use a method which creates another copy of the original object in memory. Cloning objects incorrectly can lead to very difficult-to-pin-down bugs. In production code, I tend to implement a checksum to double check that the object has been cloned properly, and hasn't been corrupted by another reference to it. This checksum can be switched off in Release mode. I find this method quite useful: often, you only want to clone parts of the object, not the entire thing. It's also essential for any use case where you are modifying objects, then feeding the modified copies into a queue.
更新
也许可以使用反射来递归遍历对象图来进行深度复制。WCF使用这种技术来序列化一个对象，包括它的所有子对象。诀窍是用一个属性注释所有子对象，使其可被发现。但是，您可能会失去一些性能优势。
更新
独立速度测试的报价(见下面的评论):
I've run my own speed test using Neil's serialize/deserialize extension method, Contango's Nested MemberwiseClone, Alex Burtsev's reflection-based extension method and AutoMapper, 1 million times each. Serialize-deserialize was slowest, taking 15.7 seconds. Then came AutoMapper, taking 10.1 seconds. Much faster was the reflection-based method which took 2.4 seconds. By far the fastest was Nested MemberwiseClone, taking 0.1 seconds. Comes down to performance versus hassle of adding code to each class to clone it. If performance isn't an issue go with Alex Burtsev's method. – Simon Tewsi
