什么是Python字典的等效,但在Bash中(应该适用于OS X和Linux)。


当前回答

我同意@lhunath和其他人的观点,关联数组是Bash 4的首选。如果你坚持使用Bash 3 (OSX,你不能更新的旧发行版),你也可以使用expr,它应该无处不在,一个字符串和正则表达式。我喜欢它,尤其是当字典不是太大。

Choose 2 separators that you will not use in keys and values (e.g. ',' and ':' ) Write your map as a string (note the separator ',' also at beginning and end) animals=",moo:cow,woof:dog," Use a regex to extract the values get_animal { echo "$(expr "$animals" : ".*,$1:\([^,]*\),.*")" } Split the string to list the items get_animal_items { arr=$(echo "${animals:1:${#animals}-2}" | tr "," "\n") for i in $arr do value="${i##*:}" key="${i%%:*}" echo "${value} likes to $key" done }

现在你可以使用它:

$ animal = get_animal "moo"
cow
$ get_animal_items
cow likes to moo
dog likes to woof

其他回答

Bash 3解决方案:

在阅读一些答案的过程中,我整理了一个快速的小函数,我想贡献出来,可能会帮助到其他人。

# Define a hash like this
MYHASH=("firstName:Milan"
        "lastName:Adamovsky")

# Function to get value by key
getHashKey()
 {
  declare -a hash=("${!1}")
  local key
  local lookup=$2

  for key in "${hash[@]}" ; do
   KEY=${key%%:*}
   VALUE=${key#*:}
   if [[ $KEY == $lookup ]]
   then
    echo $VALUE
   fi
  done
 }

# Function to get a list of all keys
getHashKeys()
 {
  declare -a hash=("${!1}")
  local KEY
  local VALUE
  local key
  local lookup=$2

  for key in "${hash[@]}" ; do
   KEY=${key%%:*}
   VALUE=${key#*:}
   keys+="${KEY} "
  done

  echo $keys
 }

# Here we want to get the value of 'lastName'
echo $(getHashKey MYHASH[@] "lastName")


# Here we want to get all keys
echo $(getHashKeys MYHASH[@])
hput () {
  eval hash"$1"='$2'
}

hget () {
  eval echo '${hash'"$1"'#hash}'
}
hput France Paris
hput Netherlands Amsterdam
hput Spain Madrid
echo `hget France` and `hget Netherlands` and `hget Spain`

$ sh hash.sh
Paris and Amsterdam and Madrid

有两件事,在任何2.6内核中使用/dev/shm (Redhat)都可以使用内存而不是/tmp,其他发行版可能会有所不同。hget也可以用read重新实现,如下所示:

function hget {

  while read key idx
  do
    if [ $key = $2 ]
    then
      echo $idx
      return
    fi
  done < /dev/shm/hashmap.$1
}

此外,通过假设所有键都是唯一的,返回值会使读循环短路,从而避免读取所有条目。如果您的实现可以有重复的键,那么只需省略返回。这节省了读取和派生grep和awk的开销。在这两个实现中使用/dev/shm会在3个条目的散列上使用time hget来搜索最后一个条目:

握把/卒:

hget() {
    grep "^$2 " /dev/shm/hashmap.$1 | awk '{ print $2 };'
}

$ time echo $(hget FD oracle)
3

real    0m0.011s
user    0m0.002s
sys     0m0.013s

Read / echo:

$ time echo $(hget FD oracle)
3

real    0m0.004s
user    0m0.000s
sys     0m0.004s

在多次调用中,我从未看到过低于50%的改善。 这都是由于使用了/dev/shm.而导致的

一位同事刚刚提到了这个帖子。我在bash中独立实现了哈希表,它不依赖于版本4。我在2010年3月的一篇博客文章(在这里的一些答案之前…)题为bash中的哈希表:

我以前使用cksum来散列,但后来将Java的字符串hashCode转换为本地bash/zsh。

# Here's the hashing function
ht() {
  local h=0 i
  for (( i=0; i < ${#1}; i++ )); do
    let "h=( (h<<5) - h ) + $(printf %d \'${1:$i:1})"
    let "h |= h"
  done
  printf "$h"
}

# Example:

myhash[`ht foo bar`]="a value"
myhash[`ht baz baf`]="b value"

echo ${myhash[`ht baz baf`]} # "b value"
echo ${myhash[@]} # "a value b value" though perhaps reversed
echo ${#myhash[@]} # "2" - there are two values (note, zsh doesn't count right)

它不是双向的,内置的方式要好得多,但无论如何都不应该使用。Bash是用于快速一次性的,这类事情很少涉及可能需要散列的复杂性,除非在~/中。Bashrc和朋友们。

我同意@lhunath和其他人的观点,关联数组是Bash 4的首选。如果你坚持使用Bash 3 (OSX,你不能更新的旧发行版),你也可以使用expr,它应该无处不在,一个字符串和正则表达式。我喜欢它,尤其是当字典不是太大。

Choose 2 separators that you will not use in keys and values (e.g. ',' and ':' ) Write your map as a string (note the separator ',' also at beginning and end) animals=",moo:cow,woof:dog," Use a regex to extract the values get_animal { echo "$(expr "$animals" : ".*,$1:\([^,]*\),.*")" } Split the string to list the items get_animal_items { arr=$(echo "${animals:1:${#animals}-2}" | tr "," "\n") for i in $arr do value="${i##*:}" key="${i%%:*}" echo "${value} likes to $key" done }

现在你可以使用它:

$ animal = get_animal "moo"
cow
$ get_animal_items
cow likes to moo
dog likes to woof