import os
path = "test/"
files = [x[0] + "/" + y for x in os.walk(path) if len(x[-1]) > 0 for y in x[-1]]

比上面的要好得多，因为你不需要几个os.path.join()，你将直接获得完整的路径(如果你愿意的话)，你可以在Python 3.5及以上版本中这样做。

subfolders = [ f.path for f in os.scandir(folder) if f.is_dir() ]

这将给出子目录的完整路径。 如果您只想要子目录的名称，请使用f.name而不是f.path

https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.scandir

稍微OT:如果你需要递归所有子文件夹和/或递归所有文件，看看这个函数，它比os更快。Walk & glob将返回所有子文件夹以及这些(子)子文件夹中的所有文件的列表:https://stackoverflow.com/a/59803793/2441026

如果你只需要递归的所有子文件夹:

def fast_scandir(dirname):
    subfolders= [f.path for f in os.scandir(dirname) if f.is_dir()]
    for dirname in list(subfolders):
        subfolders.extend(fast_scandir(dirname))
    return subfolders

返回所有子文件夹及其完整路径的列表。这个还是比os快。走，比glob快多了。

所有功能的分析

tl;博士: -如果你想获取一个文件夹的所有直接子目录，请使用os.scandir。 —如果您想获取所有子目录，甚至是嵌套的子目录，请使用os。行走或者——稍微快一点——上面的fast_scandir函数。 —不要使用操作系统。只遍历顶级子目录，因为它可能比os.scandir慢数百倍(!)。

If you run the code below, make sure to run it once so that your OS will have accessed the folder, discard the results and run the test, otherwise results will be screwed. You might want to mix up the function calls, but I tested it, and it did not really matter. All examples will give the full path to the folder. The pathlib example as a (Windows)Path object. The first element of os.walk will be the base folder. So you will not get only subdirectories. You can use fu.pop(0) to remove it. None of the results will use natural sorting. This means results will be sorted like this: 1, 10, 2. To get natural sorting (1, 2, 10), please have a look at https://stackoverflow.com/a/48030307/2441026

结果:

os.scandir      took   1 ms. Found dirs: 439
os.walk         took 463 ms. Found dirs: 441 -> it found the nested one + base folder.
glob.glob       took  20 ms. Found dirs: 439
pathlib.iterdir took  18 ms. Found dirs: 439
os.listdir      took  18 ms. Found dirs: 439

用W7x64测试，Python 3.8.1。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Python 3


import time
import os
from glob import glob
from pathlib import Path


directory = r"<insert_folder>"
RUNS = 1


def run_os_walk():
    a = time.time_ns()
    for i in range(RUNS):
        fu = [x[0] for x in os.walk(directory)]
    print(f"os.walk\t\t\ttook {(time.time_ns() - a) / 1000 / 1000 / RUNS:.0f} ms. Found dirs: {len(fu)}")


def run_glob():
    a = time.time_ns()
    for i in range(RUNS):
        fu = glob(directory + "/*/")
    print(f"glob.glob\t\ttook {(time.time_ns() - a) / 1000 / 1000 / RUNS:.0f} ms. Found dirs: {len(fu)}")


def run_pathlib_iterdir():
    a = time.time_ns()
    for i in range(RUNS):
        dirname = Path(directory)
        fu = [f for f in dirname.iterdir() if f.is_dir()]
    print(f"pathlib.iterdir\ttook {(time.time_ns() - a) / 1000 / 1000 / RUNS:.0f} ms. Found dirs: {len(fu)}")


def run_os_listdir():
    a = time.time_ns()
    for i in range(RUNS):
        dirname = Path(directory)
        fu = [os.path.join(directory, o) for o in os.listdir(directory) if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(directory, o))]
    print(f"os.listdir\t\ttook {(time.time_ns() - a) / 1000 / 1000 / RUNS:.0f} ms. Found dirs: {len(fu)}")


def run_os_scandir():
    a = time.time_ns()
    for i in range(RUNS):
        fu = [f.path for f in os.scandir(directory) if f.is_dir()]
    print(f"os.scandir\t\ttook {(time.time_ns() - a) / 1000 / 1000 / RUNS:.0f} ms.\tFound dirs: {len(fu)}")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run_os_scandir()
    run_os_walk()
    run_glob()
    run_pathlib_iterdir()
    run_os_listdir()

您是指直接子目录，还是树下的每个目录?

无论哪种方式，你都可以使用os。走路做这个:

os.walk(directory)

将为每个子目录生成一个元组。三元组中的第一个条目是一个目录名，因此

[x[0] for x in os.walk(directory)]

应该会递归地给出所有子目录。

注意，元组中的第二个条目是第一个位置的条目的子目录列表，所以您可以使用这个代替，但它不太可能节省太多时间。

但是，你可以使用它来给你直接的子目录:

next(os.walk('.'))[1]

或者查看已经发布的其他解决方案，使用os。Listdir和os.path。isdir，包括“如何在Python中获取所有直接子目录”中的那些。

我就是这么做的。

    import os
    for x in os.listdir(os.getcwd()):
        if os.path.isdir(x):
            print(x)

虽然这个问题很久以前就有答案了。我想推荐使用pathlib模块，因为这是在Windows和Unix操作系统上工作的一种健壮的方式。

要获取特定目录下的所有路径，包括子目录:

from pathlib import Path
paths = list(Path('myhomefolder', 'folder').glob('**/*.txt'))

# all sorts of operations
file = paths[0]
file.name
file.stem
file.parent
file.suffix

etc.

使用OS walk

sub_folders = []
for dir, sub_dirs, files in os.walk(test_folder):
    sub_folders.extend(sub_dirs)