事实证明，@pushy/@anonymous/@Edward Campbell的解决方案在Android上不起作用，因为Android并不是真正的Java。具体来说，Android根本没有java.lang.ProcessEnvironment。但事实证明在Android中更容易，你只需要对POSIX setenv()进行JNI调用:

打印C / JNI:

JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_com_example_posixtest_Posix_setenv
  (JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jstring key, jstring value, jboolean overwrite)
{
    char* k = (char *) (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, key, NULL);
    char* v = (char *) (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, value, NULL);
    int err = setenv(k, v, overwrite);
    (*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, key, k);
    (*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, value, v);
    return err;
}

在Java中:

public class Posix {

    public static native int setenv(String key, String value, boolean overwrite);

    private void runTest() {
        Posix.setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", "foo", true);
    }
}

在网上闲逛，似乎可以用JNI来实现这一点。然后，您必须从C调用putenv()，并且(大概)必须以在Windows和UNIX上都能运行的方式来执行此操作。

如果所有这些都可以做到，那么对于Java本身来说，支持这一点，而不是让我穿上紧身夹克，肯定不会太难。

在其他地方讲perl的朋友认为，这是因为环境变量是进程全局的，而Java正在努力为良好的设计提供良好的隔离。

这是@paul-blair的回答转换成Java的组合，其中包括paul blair指出的一些清理，以及@pushy的代码(由@Edward Campbell和anonymous组成)中似乎存在的一些错误。

我不能强调这段代码只应该在测试中使用，而且非常hack。但是对于在测试中需要环境设置的情况，这正是我所需要的。

这还包括我的一些小改动，允许代码在运行的两个Windows上工作

java version "1.8.0_92"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_92-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.92-b14, mixed mode)

和Centos一样

openjdk version "1.8.0_91"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)

实现:

/**
 * Sets an environment variable FOR THE CURRENT RUN OF THE JVM
 * Does not actually modify the system's environment variables,
 *  but rather only the copy of the variables that java has taken,
 *  and hence should only be used for testing purposes!
 * @param key The Name of the variable to set
 * @param value The value of the variable to set
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <K,V> void setenv(final String key, final String value) {
    try {
        /// we obtain the actual environment
        final Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
        final Field theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment");
        final boolean environmentAccessibility = theEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
        theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);

        final Map<K,V> env = (Map<K, V>) theEnvironmentField.get(null);

        if (SystemUtils.IS_OS_WINDOWS) {
            // This is all that is needed on windows running java jdk 1.8.0_92
            if (value == null) {
                env.remove(key);
            } else {
                env.put((K) key, (V) value);
            }
        } else {
            // This is triggered to work on openjdk 1.8.0_91
            // The ProcessEnvironment$Variable is the key of the map
            final Class<K> variableClass = (Class<K>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Variable");
            final Method convertToVariable = variableClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
            final boolean conversionVariableAccessibility = convertToVariable.isAccessible();
            convertToVariable.setAccessible(true);

            // The ProcessEnvironment$Value is the value fo the map
            final Class<V> valueClass = (Class<V>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Value");
            final Method convertToValue = valueClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
            final boolean conversionValueAccessibility = convertToValue.isAccessible();
            convertToValue.setAccessible(true);

            if (value == null) {
                env.remove(convertToVariable.invoke(null, key));
            } else {
                // we place the new value inside the map after conversion so as to
                // avoid class cast exceptions when rerunning this code
                env.put((K) convertToVariable.invoke(null, key), (V) convertToValue.invoke(null, value));

                // reset accessibility to what they were
                convertToValue.setAccessible(conversionValueAccessibility);
                convertToVariable.setAccessible(conversionVariableAccessibility);
            }
        }
        // reset environment accessibility
        theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(environmentAccessibility);

        // we apply the same to the case insensitive environment
        final Field theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
        final boolean insensitiveAccessibility = theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
        theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
        // Not entirely sure if this needs to be casted to ProcessEnvironment$Variable and $Value as well
        final Map<String, String> cienv = (Map<String, String>) theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null);
        if (value == null) {
            // remove if null
            cienv.remove(key);
        } else {
            cienv.put(key, value);
        }
        theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(insensitiveAccessibility);
    } catch (final ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">", e);
    } catch (final NoSuchFieldException e) {
        // we could not find theEnvironment
        final Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
        Stream.of(Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses())
                // obtain the declared classes of type $UnmodifiableMap
                .filter(c1 -> "java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(c1.getName()))
                .map(c1 -> {
                    try {
                        return c1.getDeclaredField("m");
                    } catch (final NoSuchFieldException e1) {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+"> when locating in-class memory map of environment", e1);
                    }
                })
                .forEach(field -> {
                    try {
                        final boolean fieldAccessibility = field.isAccessible();
                        field.setAccessible(true);
                        // we obtain the environment
                        final Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) field.get(env);
                        if (value == null) {
                            // remove if null
                            map.remove(key);
                        } else {
                            map.put(key, value);
                        }
                        // reset accessibility
                        field.setAccessible(fieldAccessibility);
                    } catch (final ConcurrentModificationException e1) {
                        // This may happen if we keep backups of the environment before calling this method
                        // as the map that we kept as a backup may be picked up inside this block.
                        // So we simply skip this attempt and continue adjusting the other maps
                        // To avoid this one should always keep individual keys/value backups not the entire map
                        LOGGER.info("Attempted to modify source map: "+field.getDeclaringClass()+"#"+field.getName(), e1);
                    } catch (final IllegalAccessException e1) {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Unable to access field!", e1);
                    }
                });
    }
    LOGGER.info("Set environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Sanity Check: "+System.getenv(key));
}

像大多数找到这个线程的人一样，我正在编写一些单元测试，需要修改环境变量以设置测试运行的正确条件。然而，我发现被点赞最多的答案有一些问题和/或非常神秘或过于复杂。希望这能帮助其他人更快地找到解决方案。

首先，我终于发现@Hubert Grzeskowiak的解决方案是最简单的，对我来说很管用。我希望我能先讲到这一点。它基于@Edward Campbell的回答，但是没有复杂的for循环搜索。

然而，我从@pushy的解决方案开始，它得到了最多的赞。它是@anonymous和@Edward Campbell's的组合。@pushy声称这两种方法都需要覆盖Linux和Windows环境。我在OS X下运行，发现两者都可以工作(一旦@匿名方法的问题被修复)。正如其他人所指出的，这种解决方案在大多数情况下都有效，但并非所有情况都有效。

I think the source of most of the confusion comes from @anonymous's solution operating on the 'theEnvironment' field. Looking at the definition of the ProcessEnvironment structure, 'theEnvironment' is not a Map< String, String > but rather it is a Map< Variable, Value >. Clearing the map works fine, but the putAll operation rebuilds the map a Map< String, String >, which potentially causes problems when subsequent operations operate on the data structure using the normal API that expects Map< Variable, Value >. Also, accessing/removing individual elements is a problem. The solution is to access 'theEnvironment' indirectly through 'theUnmodifiableEnvironment'. But since this is a type UnmodifiableMap the access must be done through the private variable 'm' of the UnmodifiableMap type. See getModifiableEnvironmentMap2 in code below.

在我的例子中，我需要为我的测试删除一些环境变量(其他的应该保持不变)。然后，我想在测试之后将环境变量恢复到它们之前的状态。下面的例程会让你更容易做到。我在OS X上测试了两个版本的getModifiableEnvironmentMap，两者的工作效果相当。尽管基于本线程中的注释，但根据环境的不同，其中一种可能比另一种更好。

注意:我没有包括对' casaseinsensitiveenvironmentfield '的访问，因为这似乎是Windows特定的，我没有办法测试它，但添加它应该是直截了当地。

private Map<String, String> getModifiableEnvironmentMap() {
    try {
        Map<String,String> unmodifiableEnv = System.getenv();
        Class<?> cl = unmodifiableEnv.getClass();
        Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
        field.setAccessible(true);
        Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = (Map<String,String>) field.get(unmodifiableEnv);
        return modifiableEnv;
    } catch(Exception e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unable to access writable environment variable map.");
    }
}

private Map<String, String> getModifiableEnvironmentMap2() {
    try {
        Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
        Field theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theUnmodifiableEnvironment");
        theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
        Map<String,String> theUnmodifiableEnvironment = (Map<String,String>)theUnmodifiableEnvironmentField.get(null);

        Class<?> theUnmodifiableEnvironmentClass = theUnmodifiableEnvironment.getClass();
        Field theModifiableEnvField = theUnmodifiableEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("m");
        theModifiableEnvField.setAccessible(true);
        Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = (Map<String,String>) theModifiableEnvField.get(theUnmodifiableEnvironment);
        return modifiableEnv;
    } catch(Exception e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unable to access writable environment variable map.");
    }
}

private Map<String, String> clearEnvironmentVars(String[] keys) {

    Map<String,String> modifiableEnv = getModifiableEnvironmentMap();

    HashMap<String, String> savedVals = new HashMap<String, String>();

    for(String k : keys) {
        String val = modifiableEnv.remove(k);
        if (val != null) { savedVals.put(k, val); }
    }
    return savedVals;
}

private void setEnvironmentVars(Map<String, String> varMap) {
    getModifiableEnvironmentMap().putAll(varMap);   
}

@Test
public void myTest() {
    String[] keys = { "key1", "key2", "key3" };
    Map<String, String> savedVars = clearEnvironmentVars(keys);

    // do test

    setEnvironmentVars(savedVars);
}

有三个库可以在单元测试期间做到这一点。

有Stefan Birkner的系统规则和系统Lambda - https://www.baeldung.com/java-system-rules-junit，允许你做一些事情:

public class JUnitTest {

    @Rule
    public EnvironmentVariables environmentVariables = new EnvironmentVariables();

    @Test
    public void someTest() {
        environmentVariables.set("SOME_VARIABLE", "myValue");
        
        // now System.getenv does what you want
    }
}

或System-Lambda:

@Test
void execute_code_with_environment_variables(
) throws Exception {
  List<String> values = withEnvironmentVariable("first", "first value")
    .and("second", "second value")
    .execute(() -> asList(
      System.getenv("first"),
      System.getenv("second")
    ));
  assertEquals(
    asList("first value", "second value"),
    values
  );
}

上述功能也可以通过系统存根作为JUnit 5扩展:

@ExtendWith(SystemStubsExtension.class)
class SomeTest {

    @SystemStub
    private EnvironmentVariables;

    @Test
    void theTest() {
        environmentVariables.set("SOME_VARIABLE", "myValue");
        
        // now System.getenv does what you want

    }

}

系统存根向后兼容System Lambda和System Rules，但支持JUnit 5。

另外，还有JUnit Pioneer - https://github.com/junit-pioneer/junit-pioneer，它允许在测试时通过注释设置环境变量。

如果您像我一样在测试中遇到这个问题，并且正在使用Junit5，那么Junit-pioneer提供了非常有用的注释。maven版本

例子:

@Test
@SetEnvironmentVariable(key = "some variable",value = "new value")
void test() {
    assertThat(System.getenv("some variable")).
        isEqualTo("new value");
}

怎么推荐都不为过。