你可以使用-D将参数传递到你的初始java进程:

java -cp <classpath> -Dkey1=value -Dkey2=value ...

基于@pushy回答的Jython变体，适用于windows。

def set_env(newenv):
    from java.lang import Class
    process_environment = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment")
    environment_field =  process_environment.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment")
    environment_field.setAccessible(True)
    env = environment_field.get(None)
    env.putAll(newenv)
    invariant_environment_field = process_environment.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
    invariant_environment_field.setAccessible(True)
    invevn = invariant_environment_field.get(None)
    invevn.putAll(newenv)

用法:

old_environ = dict(os.environ)
old_environ['EPM_ORACLE_HOME'] = r"E:\Oracle\Middleware\EPMSystem11R1"
set_env(old_environ)

public static void set(Map<String, String> newenv) throws Exception {
    Class[] classes = Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses();
    Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
    for(Class cl : classes) {
        if("java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(cl.getName())) {
            Field field = cl.getDeclaredField("m");
            field.setAccessible(true);
            Object obj = field.get(env);
            Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) obj;
            map.clear();
            map.putAll(newenv);
        }
    }
}

或者根据joshwolfe的建议添加/更新一个单独的var并删除循环。

@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked" })
  public static void updateEnv(String name, String val) throws ReflectiveOperationException {
    Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
    Field field = env.getClass().getDeclaredField("m");
    field.setAccessible(true);
    ((Map<String, String>) field.get(env)).put(name, val);
  }

Kotlin中的一个版本，在这个算法中，我创建了一个装饰器，允许您从环境中设置和获取变量。

import java.util.Collections
import kotlin.reflect.KProperty
​
class EnvironmentDelegate {
    operator fun getValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>): String {
        return System.getenv(property.name) ?: "-"
    }
​
    operator fun setValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>, value: String) {
        val key = property.name
​
        val classes: Array<Class<*>> = Collections::class.java.declaredClasses
        val env = System.getenv()
​
        val cl = classes.first { "java.util.Collections\$UnmodifiableMap" == it.name }
​
        val field = cl.getDeclaredField("m")
        field.isAccessible = true
        val obj = field[env]
        val map = obj as MutableMap<String, String>
        map.putAll(mapOf(key to value))
    }
}
​
class KnownProperties {
    var JAVA_HOME: String by EnvironmentDelegate()
    var sample: String by EnvironmentDelegate()
}
​
fun main() {
    val knowProps = KnownProperties()
    knowProps.sample = "2"
​
    println("Java Home: ${knowProps.JAVA_HOME}")
    println("Sample: ${knowProps.sample}")
}

这是@pushy的邪恶答案的Kotlin邪恶版本=)

@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
@Throws(Exception::class)
fun setEnv(newenv: Map<String, String>) {
    try {
        val processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment")
        val theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment")
        theEnvironmentField.isAccessible = true
        val env = theEnvironmentField.get(null) as MutableMap<String, String>
        env.putAll(newenv)
        val theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment")
        theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.isAccessible = true
        val cienv = theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null) as MutableMap<String, String>
        cienv.putAll(newenv)
    } catch (e: NoSuchFieldException) {
        val classes = Collections::class.java.getDeclaredClasses()
        val env = System.getenv()
        for (cl in classes) {
            if ("java.util.Collections\$UnmodifiableMap" == cl.getName()) {
                val field = cl.getDeclaredField("m")
                field.setAccessible(true)
                val obj = field.get(env)
                val map = obj as MutableMap<String, String>
                map.clear()
                map.putAll(newenv)
            }
        }
    }

它至少在macOS Mojave上运行。

这是@paul-blair的回答转换成Java的组合，其中包括paul blair指出的一些清理，以及@pushy的代码(由@Edward Campbell和anonymous组成)中似乎存在的一些错误。

我不能强调这段代码只应该在测试中使用，而且非常hack。但是对于在测试中需要环境设置的情况，这正是我所需要的。

这还包括我的一些小改动，允许代码在运行的两个Windows上工作

java version "1.8.0_92"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_92-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.92-b14, mixed mode)

和Centos一样

openjdk version "1.8.0_91"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_91-b14)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.91-b14, mixed mode)

实现:

/**
 * Sets an environment variable FOR THE CURRENT RUN OF THE JVM
 * Does not actually modify the system's environment variables,
 *  but rather only the copy of the variables that java has taken,
 *  and hence should only be used for testing purposes!
 * @param key The Name of the variable to set
 * @param value The value of the variable to set
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <K,V> void setenv(final String key, final String value) {
    try {
        /// we obtain the actual environment
        final Class<?> processEnvironmentClass = Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment");
        final Field theEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theEnvironment");
        final boolean environmentAccessibility = theEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
        theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);

        final Map<K,V> env = (Map<K, V>) theEnvironmentField.get(null);

        if (SystemUtils.IS_OS_WINDOWS) {
            // This is all that is needed on windows running java jdk 1.8.0_92
            if (value == null) {
                env.remove(key);
            } else {
                env.put((K) key, (V) value);
            }
        } else {
            // This is triggered to work on openjdk 1.8.0_91
            // The ProcessEnvironment$Variable is the key of the map
            final Class<K> variableClass = (Class<K>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Variable");
            final Method convertToVariable = variableClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
            final boolean conversionVariableAccessibility = convertToVariable.isAccessible();
            convertToVariable.setAccessible(true);

            // The ProcessEnvironment$Value is the value fo the map
            final Class<V> valueClass = (Class<V>) Class.forName("java.lang.ProcessEnvironment$Value");
            final Method convertToValue = valueClass.getMethod("valueOf", String.class);
            final boolean conversionValueAccessibility = convertToValue.isAccessible();
            convertToValue.setAccessible(true);

            if (value == null) {
                env.remove(convertToVariable.invoke(null, key));
            } else {
                // we place the new value inside the map after conversion so as to
                // avoid class cast exceptions when rerunning this code
                env.put((K) convertToVariable.invoke(null, key), (V) convertToValue.invoke(null, value));

                // reset accessibility to what they were
                convertToValue.setAccessible(conversionValueAccessibility);
                convertToVariable.setAccessible(conversionVariableAccessibility);
            }
        }
        // reset environment accessibility
        theEnvironmentField.setAccessible(environmentAccessibility);

        // we apply the same to the case insensitive environment
        final Field theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField = processEnvironmentClass.getDeclaredField("theCaseInsensitiveEnvironment");
        final boolean insensitiveAccessibility = theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.isAccessible();
        theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(true);
        // Not entirely sure if this needs to be casted to ProcessEnvironment$Variable and $Value as well
        final Map<String, String> cienv = (Map<String, String>) theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.get(null);
        if (value == null) {
            // remove if null
            cienv.remove(key);
        } else {
            cienv.put(key, value);
        }
        theCaseInsensitiveEnvironmentField.setAccessible(insensitiveAccessibility);
    } catch (final ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">", e);
    } catch (final NoSuchFieldException e) {
        // we could not find theEnvironment
        final Map<String, String> env = System.getenv();
        Stream.of(Collections.class.getDeclaredClasses())
                // obtain the declared classes of type $UnmodifiableMap
                .filter(c1 -> "java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableMap".equals(c1.getName()))
                .map(c1 -> {
                    try {
                        return c1.getDeclaredField("m");
                    } catch (final NoSuchFieldException e1) {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+"> when locating in-class memory map of environment", e1);
                    }
                })
                .forEach(field -> {
                    try {
                        final boolean fieldAccessibility = field.isAccessible();
                        field.setAccessible(true);
                        // we obtain the environment
                        final Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) field.get(env);
                        if (value == null) {
                            // remove if null
                            map.remove(key);
                        } else {
                            map.put(key, value);
                        }
                        // reset accessibility
                        field.setAccessible(fieldAccessibility);
                    } catch (final ConcurrentModificationException e1) {
                        // This may happen if we keep backups of the environment before calling this method
                        // as the map that we kept as a backup may be picked up inside this block.
                        // So we simply skip this attempt and continue adjusting the other maps
                        // To avoid this one should always keep individual keys/value backups not the entire map
                        LOGGER.info("Attempted to modify source map: "+field.getDeclaringClass()+"#"+field.getName(), e1);
                    } catch (final IllegalAccessException e1) {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed setting environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Unable to access field!", e1);
                    }
                });
    }
    LOGGER.info("Set environment variable <"+key+"> to <"+value+">. Sanity Check: "+System.getenv(key));
}