I also ran into the same challanged and ended up at this page. Although I am 11 years too late to answers the question, I thought maybe it could be still usefull for others. I found the answer of davidxxx with Logback and the ListAppander very usefull. I used the same configuration for multiple projects, however it was not so fun to copy/paste it and maintaining all the version when I needed to changes something. I thought it would be better to make a library out of it and contribute back to the community. It works with SLFJ4, Log4j, Log4j2, Java Util Logging, JBoss Logging and with Lombok annotations. Please have a look here: LogCaptor for detailed examples and how to add it to your project.

示例情况:

public class FooService {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FooService.class);

    public void sayHello() {
        LOGGER.warn("Congratulations, you are pregnant!");
    }

}

使用LogCaptor的单元测试示例:

import nl.altindag.log.LogCaptor;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

public class FooServiceTest {

    @Test
    public void sayHelloShouldLogWarnMessage() {
        LogCaptor logCaptor = LogCaptor.forClass(FooService.class);

        FooService fooService = new FooService();
        fooService.sayHello();

        assertThat(logCaptor.getWarnLogs())
            .contains("Congratulations, you are pregnant!");
    }
}

我不太确定是否应该在这里发布这篇文章，因为这也可以被视为推广“我的库”的一种方式，但我认为这对面临同样挑战的开发人员有帮助。

通过添加Appender进行单元测试并不能真正测试Logger的配置。因此，我认为这是一种独特的情况，在这种情况下，单元测试没有带来那么多价值，而集成测试带来了很多价值(特别是如果您的日志有一些审计目的)。

为了为它创建集成测试，让我们假设您正在运行一个简单的ConsoleAppender，并希望测试它的输出。然后，您应该测试如何将消息从System.out写入到它自己的ByteArrayOutputStream。

从这个意义上说，我会做以下事情(我使用JUnit 5):

public class Slf4jAuditLoggerTest {

    private final ByteArrayOutputStream outContent = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

    @BeforeEach
    public void beforeEach() {
        System.setOut(new PrintStream(outContent));
    }

通过这种方式，你可以简单地测试它的输出:

    @Test
    public void myTest() {
        // Given...
        // When...
        // Then
        assertTrue(outContent.toString().contains("[INFO] My formatted string from Logger"));
    }

如果你这样做了，你将为你的项目带来更多的价值，而不需要使用内存中的实现，创建一个新的Appender，或者其他什么。

受到@RonaldBlaschke的解决方案的启发，我想到了这个:

public class Log4JTester extends ExternalResource {
    TestAppender appender;

    @Override
    protected void before() {
        appender = new TestAppender();
        final Logger rootLogger = Logger.getRootLogger();
        rootLogger.addAppender(appender);
    }

    @Override
    protected void after() {
        final Logger rootLogger = Logger.getRootLogger();
        rootLogger.removeAppender(appender);
    }

    public void assertLogged(Matcher<String> matcher) {
        for(LoggingEvent event : appender.events) {
            if(matcher.matches(event.getMessage())) {
                return;
            }
        }
        fail("No event matches " + matcher);
    }

    private static class TestAppender extends AppenderSkeleton {

        List<LoggingEvent> events = new ArrayList<LoggingEvent>();

        @Override
        protected void append(LoggingEvent event) {
            events.add(event);
        }

        @Override
        public void close() {

        }

        @Override
        public boolean requiresLayout() {
            return false;
        }
    }

}

．.． 这允许你做:

@Rule public Log4JTester logTest = new Log4JTester();

@Test
public void testFoo() {
     user.setStatus(Status.PREMIUM);
     logTest.assertLogged(
        stringContains("Note added to account: premium customer"));
}

你也许可以用更聪明的方式来使用hamcrest，但我就讲到这里。

哇。我不知道为什么这么难。我发现我无法使用上面的任何代码示例，因为我使用的是log4j2而不是slf4j。这是我的解决方案:

public class SpecialLogServiceTest {

  @Mock
  private Appender appender;

  @Captor
  private ArgumentCaptor<LogEvent> captor;

  @InjectMocks
  private SpecialLogService specialLogService;

  private LoggerConfig loggerConfig;

  @Before
  public void setUp() {
    // prepare the appender so Log4j likes it
    when(appender.getName()).thenReturn("MockAppender");
    when(appender.isStarted()).thenReturn(true);
    when(appender.isStopped()).thenReturn(false);

    final LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
    final Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
    loggerConfig = config.getLoggerConfig("org.example.SpecialLogService");
    loggerConfig.addAppender(appender, AuditLogCRUDService.LEVEL_AUDIT, null);
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() {
    loggerConfig.removeAppender("MockAppender");
  }

  @Test
  public void writeLog_shouldCreateCorrectLogMessage() throws Exception {
    SpecialLog specialLog = new SpecialLogBuilder().build();
    String expectedLog = "this is my log message";

    specialLogService.writeLog(specialLog);

    verify(appender).append(captor.capture());
    assertThat(captor.getAllValues().size(), is(1));
    assertThat(captor.getAllValues().get(0).getMessage().toString(), is(expectedLog));
  }
}

Log4J2的API略有不同。你也可以使用它的async appender。我为此创建了一个锁定的appender:

    public static class LatchedAppender extends AbstractAppender implements AutoCloseable {

    private final List<LogEvent> messages = new ArrayList<>();
    private final CountDownLatch latch;
    private final LoggerConfig loggerConfig;

    public LatchedAppender(Class<?> classThatLogs, int expectedMessages) {
        this(classThatLogs, null, null, expectedMessages);
    }
    public LatchedAppender(Class<?> classThatLogs, Filter filter, Layout<? extends Serializable> layout, int expectedMessages) {
        super(classThatLogs.getName()+"."+"LatchedAppender", filter, layout);
        latch = new CountDownLatch(expectedMessages);
        final LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
        final Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
        loggerConfig = config.getLoggerConfig(LogManager.getLogger(classThatLogs).getName());
        loggerConfig.addAppender(this, Level.ALL, ThresholdFilter.createFilter(Level.ALL, null, null));
        start();
    }

    @Override
    public void append(LogEvent event) {
        messages.add(event);
        latch.countDown();
    }

    public List<LogEvent> awaitMessages() throws InterruptedException {
        assertTrue(latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
        return messages;
    }

    @Override
    public void close() {
        stop();
        loggerConfig.removeAppender(this.getName());
    }
}

像这样使用它:

        try (LatchedAppender appender = new LatchedAppender(ClassUnderTest.class, 1)) {

        ClassUnderTest.methodThatLogs();
        List<LogEvent> events = appender.awaitMessages();
        assertEquals(1, events.size());
        //more assertions here

    }//appender removed

对于log4j2，解决方案略有不同，因为AppenderSkeleton不再可用。此外，使用Mockito或类似的库来创建带有ArgumentCaptor的Appender将无法工作，因为MutableLogEvent在多个日志消息上被重用。我为log4j2找到的最佳解决方案是:

import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.AbstractAppender;

private static MockedAppender mockedAppender;
private static Logger logger;

@Before
public void setup() {
    mockedAppender.message.clear();
}

/**
 * For some reason mvn test will not work if this is @Before, but in eclipse it works! As a
 * result, we use @BeforeClass.
 */
@BeforeClass
public static void setupClass() {
    mockedAppender = new MockedAppender();
    logger = (Logger)LogManager.getLogger(MatchingMetricsLogger.class);
    logger.addAppender(mockedAppender);
    logger.setLevel(Level.INFO);
}

@AfterClass
public static void teardown() {
    logger.removeAppender(mockedAppender);
}

@Test
public void test() {
    // do something that causes logs
    for (String e : mockedAppender.message) {
        // add asserts for the log messages
    }
}

private static class MockedAppender extends AbstractAppender {

    List<String> message = new ArrayList<>();

    protected MockedAppender() {
        super("MockedAppender", null, null);
    }

    @Override
    public void append(LogEvent event) {
        message.add(event.getMessage().getFormattedMessage());
    }
}