摘自苹果书籍 “结构和类之间最重要的区别之一是,结构在代码中传递时总是被复制,但类是通过引用传递的。”

有人能帮我理解一下这是什么意思吗?对我来说,类和结构似乎是一样的。


当前回答

斯威夫特类型

命名类型或标称类型或有名称的类型 复合类型或非名义类型或没有名称的类型

值类型是一种类型,其值在赋值给变量或常量、传递给函数或从函数返回时被复制。(as and is检查构造的副本)

当引用类型被赋值给变量或常量,或者被传递给函数时,引用类型不会被复制

值类型:

Struct, Enum[About],元组 struct String, struct Array(Set, Dictionary)

(objective - c int…)

字符串,内置集合值类型包含对堆的内部引用,以管理它的大小

当您分配或传递值类型时,将创建数据的新副本。copy on write - COW机制用于某些特定的类(如Collections(Array, Dictionary, Set))[About],并进行了一些优化,例如在修改对象时创建副本。对于自定义类型,您应该自己支持COW 当你修改一个实例时,它只在局部起作用。 如果Value为局部变量,则使用堆栈内存[关于]

引用类型: 类,函数

(Objective-C所有其他)

使用ARC

当你分配或传递引用类型时,一个新的引用将被创建到原始实例(实例的地址被复制)。 当您修改一个实例时,它会产生全局影响,因为该实例可以被指向它的任何引用共享和访问。 通常使用堆内存[大约]

建议默认为“type”。Value类型的最大优点是它们通常是线程安全的

参考类型

它们可以遗传, 可以使用Deinit (), 通过引用===比较实例, Objective-C互操作性,因为值类型是在Swift中引入的。

[堆栈vs堆] [let vs var, class vs struct] [类别vs结构]

在结构和类之间选择 类型 类和结构

其他回答

以上答案都是正确的,我希望我的回答能帮助到那些不理解以上答案的人。

在Swift中有两种类型的对象

结构体 类

它们之间的主要区别是

Struct是值类型 类是引用类型

例如这里的代码要理解得很好。

struct SomeStruct {
var a : Int;

init(_ a : Int) {
    self.a = a
}
}

class SomeClass {
var a: Int;

init(_ a: Int) {
    self.a = a
}

}
var x = 11

var someStruct1 = SomeStruct(x)
var someClass1 = SomeClass(x)

var someStruct2 = someStruct1
var someClass2 = someClass1

someClass1.a = 12
someClass2.a // answer is 12 because it is referencing to class 1     property a

someStruct1.a = 14
someStruct2.a // answer is 11 because it is just copying it not referencing it

这是主要的区别,但我们也有次要的区别。

必须声明初始化式(构造函数) 有deinitialisers 可以从其他类继承吗

结构体

它为你提供了自由初始化器,你不必声明初始化器,如果你声明了自由初始化器,它将被你声明的初始化器覆盖 没有去初始化 不能从其他结构继承

为了理解struct和class之间的区别,我们需要知道值类型和引用类型之间的主要区别。struct是值类型,这意味着对它们的每一次更改都只会修改该值,类是引用类型,引用类型中的每一次更改都将修改分配在内存或引用位置的值。例如:

让我们从一个类开始,这个类符合Equatable只是为了能够比较实例,我们创建了一个名为pointclassinstancea的实例和另一个名为pointClassInstanceB的实例,我们将类a分配给类B,现在断言说它们是相同的…

class PointClass: Equatable {
    var x: Double
    var y: Double

    init(x: Double, y: Double) {
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    }

    static func == (lhs: PointClass, rhs: PointClass) -> Bool {
        return lhs.x == rhs.x && lhs.y == rhs.y
    }
}

var pointClassInstanceA = PointClass(x: 0, y: 0)
var pointClassInstanceB = pointClassInstanceA

assert(pointClassInstanceA==pointClassInstanceB) 

pointClassInstanceB.x = 10
print(pointClassInstanceA.x)
//this prints 10

好的,这里发生了什么为什么如果我们改变了pointclassinstanceb的x值它也改变了pointClassInstanceA的x值?这展示了引用类型是如何工作的,当我们将实例A赋值为实例B的值,然后我们修改其中一个的X,它会改变两个X,因为它们共享相同的引用,而改变的是该引用的值。

让我们用结构体做同样的事情

struct PointStruct: Equatable {
    var x: Double
    var y: Double

    init(x: Double, y: Double) {
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    }

    static func == (lhs: PointStruct, rhs: PointStruct) -> Bool {
        return lhs.x == rhs.x && lhs.y == rhs.y
    }
}
var pointStructInstanceA = PointStruct(x: 0, y: 0)
var pointStructInstanceB = pointStructInstanceA

assert(pointStructInstanceA==pointStructInstanceB)
pointStructInstanceB.x = 100
print(pointStructInstanceA.x)
//this will print 0

我们的结构与我们的类基本相同,但现在你可以看到,当你打印pointStructInstanceA的x值时,它没有改变,这是因为值类型的工作方式不同,它们的一个实例上的每一个变化都是“独立的”,不会影响到另一个实例。

Swift建议使用更多的值类型,你可以看出他们的库是基于结构的,以避免引用类型带来的问题,比如无意中修改一个值等。结构是斯威夫特的发展方向。 希望能有所帮助。

正如许多人已经指出复制结构体和类的区别一样,这可以从它们在c语言中的来源来理解,像这样的结构体

struct A {
    let a: Int
    let c: Bool
}

在func父对象或结构体的局部内存中,它将是这样的

64bit for int
8 bytes for bool

现在

class A {
    let a: Int
    let c: Bool
}

而不是存储在本地内存或结构或类中的数据内容,它将是一个单一指针

64bit address of class A instance

当你复制这两个时,很容易看出为什么会有区别,复制第一个,你复制了64位的int和8位的bool,复制第二个,你复制了64位的地址到A类的实例,你可以有同一个内存地址的多个副本,都指向同一个实例,但结构体的每个副本都将是它自己的副本。

现在事情变得复杂了因为你可以把这两个混合起来

struct A {
    let a: ClassA
    let c: Bool
}

你的记忆会是这样的

64bit address of class A instance
8 bytes for bool

This is a problem because even though you have multiple copies of the struct in your program, they all have a copy to the same object ClassA, this means just like multiples reference to instance ClassA you pass around have to have a reference count kept of how many reference to the object exists to know when to delete them, you program can have multiple references to struct A that need to keep a reference count to their ClassA instances, this can be time consuming if your struct has a lot of classes in them, or the structs it contains has lots of classes in them, now when you copy your struct, the compiler has to generate code that goes through every single class instance referenced in your struct and substructs, and increment there reference count to keep track of how many references there are. This can make classes much faster to pass around as you just need to copy its single address, and it won't need to increase the reference count of any of its children because it want reduce the reference count of any child it contains until its own reference count reaches 0.

The thing gets even more complicated with some Apple struct types, that they actually have object types in them, the good thing about data that is reference to, is it can be stored in memory and be lengthened and contractor at will and they can be very large, unlike data stored on local stack, so types like String, Array, Set, Dictionary though they act like struct and will even make a duplicate of there internal data if you try to modify them so you don't change all occurrence, there data still has to be reference counted and so a struct containing a lots of these types can still be slow, because the internal data for each one has to be retained.

当然,传递结构类型可以减少大量错误的可能性,但它们也会降低程序的速度,这取决于所包含的类型。

Usually (in most programming languages), objects are blocks of data that are stored on heap, and then a reference (normally a pointer) to these blocks, contains a name is using to access these blocks of data. This mechanism allows sharing objects in the heap by copying the value of their references (pointers). This is not the case of basic data types such as Integers, and that is because the memory needed to create a reference is almost the same as the object (in this case integer value). Thus, they will be passed as values not as a reference in the case of large objects.

Swift使用struct来提高String和Array对象的性能。

这是一本很好的读物

下面是一个类的例子。请注意,当名称更改时,两个变量引用的实例将如何更新。鲍勃现在是苏了,所有提到鲍勃的地方都是这样。

class SomeClass {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

var aClass = SomeClass(name: "Bob")
var bClass = aClass // aClass and bClass now reference the same instance!
bClass.name = "Sue"

println(aClass.name) // "Sue"
println(bClass.name) // "Sue"

现在使用结构体,我们看到值被复制,每个变量保留自己的值集。当我们将名称设置为Sue时,aStruct中的Bob结构体不会被更改。

struct SomeStruct {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

var aStruct = SomeStruct(name: "Bob")
var bStruct = aStruct // aStruct and bStruct are two structs with the same value!
bStruct.name = "Sue"

println(aStruct.name) // "Bob"
println(bStruct.name) // "Sue"

所以对于表示有状态的复杂实体来说,类是非常棒的。但是对于仅仅是测量值或相关数据位的值,结构体更有意义,这样您可以轻松地复制它们并使用它们计算或修改值,而不用担心副作用。