如果你仔细看苹果手册，你会看到这部分: 结构和枚举是值类型

在本节中，你会看到:

“​let​ ​hd​ = ​Resolution​(​width​: ​1920​, ​height​: ​1080​) ​var​ ​cinema​ = ​hd This example declares a constant called hd and sets it to a Resolution instance initialized with the width and height of full HD video (1920 pixels wide by 1080 pixels high). It then declares a variable called cinema and sets it to the current value of hd. Because Resolution is a structure, a copy of the existing instance is made, and this new copy is assigned to cinema. Even though hd and cinema now have the same width and height, they are two completely different instances behind the scenes. Next, the width property of cinema is amended to be the width of the slightly-wider 2K standard used for digital cinema projection (2048 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high): ​cinema​.​width​ = ​2048 Checking the width property of cinema shows that it has indeed changed to be 2048: ​println​(​"cinema is now ​(​cinema​.​width​)​ pixels wide"​) ​// prints "cinema is now 2048 pixels wide However, the width property of the original hd instance still has the old value of 1920: println​(​"hd is still ​(​hd​.​width​)​ pixels wide"​) // prints "hd is still 1920 pixels wide” When cinema was given the current value of hd, the values stored in hd were copied into the new cinema instance. The end result is two completely separate instances, which just happened to contain the same numeric values. Because they are separate instances, setting the width of cinema to 2048 doesn’t affect the width stored in hd.” Excerpt From: Apple Inc. “The Swift Programming Language.” iBooks. https://itun.es/us/jEUH0.l

这是结构体和类之间最大的区别。复制结构，引用类。

1.structure is value type.
   = > when we assign structure variable to other variable or pass as parameter to function, it creates separate/new copy => so that changes made on one variable does not  reflect on another.[We can say like **call by value** concept] 
Example :

    struct DemoStruct 
    { 
        var value: String 
        init(inValue: String) 
        { 
            self.value = inValue 
        } 
    } 


var aStruct = DemoStruct(inValue: "original") 
var bStruct = aStruct // aStruct and bStruct are two structs with the same value! but references to diff location`enter code here`
bStruct.value = "modified" 

print(aStruct.value) // "original" 
print(bStruct.value) // "modified"


2.class is reference type.
 = > when we assign structure variable to other variable or pass as parameter to function, it **does not** creates separate/new copy => so that changes made on one variable does not  reflect on another.[We can say like **call by reference** concept] 
Example:
class DemoClass 
{   
    var value: String 
    init(inValue: String) 
    {
        self.value = inValue 
    } 
} 

var aClass = DemoClass(inName: "original") 
var bClass = aClass // aClass and bClass now reference the same instance! 
bClass.value = "modified" 

print(aClass.value) // "modified" 
print(bClass.value) // "modified"

斯威夫特类型

命名类型或标称类型或有名称的类型 复合类型或非名义类型或没有名称的类型

值类型是一种类型，其值在赋值给变量或常量、传递给函数或从函数返回时被复制。(as and is检查构造的副本)

当引用类型被赋值给变量或常量，或者被传递给函数时，引用类型不会被复制

值类型:

Struct, Enum[About]，元组 struct String, struct Array(Set, Dictionary)

(objective - c int…)

字符串，内置集合值类型包含对堆的内部引用，以管理它的大小

当您分配或传递值类型时，将创建数据的新副本。copy on write - COW机制用于某些特定的类(如Collections(Array, Dictionary, Set))[About]，并进行了一些优化，例如在修改对象时创建副本。对于自定义类型，您应该自己支持COW 当你修改一个实例时，它只在局部起作用。 如果Value为局部变量，则使用堆栈内存[关于]

引用类型: 类,函数

(Objective-C所有其他)

使用ARC

当你分配或传递引用类型时，一个新的引用将被创建到原始实例(实例的地址被复制)。 当您修改一个实例时，它会产生全局影响，因为该实例可以被指向它的任何引用共享和访问。 通常使用堆内存[大约]

建议默认为“type”。Value类型的最大优点是它们通常是线程安全的

参考类型

它们可以遗传， 可以使用Deinit ()， 通过引用===比较实例， Objective-C互操作性，因为值类型是在Swift中引入的。

[堆栈vs堆] [let vs var, class vs struct] [类别vs结构]

在结构和类之间选择 类型 类和结构

Usually (in most programming languages), objects are blocks of data that are stored on heap, and then a reference (normally a pointer) to these blocks, contains a name is using to access these blocks of data. This mechanism allows sharing objects in the heap by copying the value of their references (pointers). This is not the case of basic data types such as Integers, and that is because the memory needed to create a reference is almost the same as the object (in this case integer value). Thus, they will be passed as values not as a reference in the case of large objects.

Swift使用struct来提高String和Array对象的性能。

这是一本很好的读物

如果你仔细看苹果手册，你会看到这部分: 结构和枚举是值类型

在本节中，你会看到:

“​let​ ​hd​ = ​Resolution​(​width​: ​1920​, ​height​: ​1080​) ​var​ ​cinema​ = ​hd This example declares a constant called hd and sets it to a Resolution instance initialized with the width and height of full HD video (1920 pixels wide by 1080 pixels high). It then declares a variable called cinema and sets it to the current value of hd. Because Resolution is a structure, a copy of the existing instance is made, and this new copy is assigned to cinema. Even though hd and cinema now have the same width and height, they are two completely different instances behind the scenes. Next, the width property of cinema is amended to be the width of the slightly-wider 2K standard used for digital cinema projection (2048 pixels wide and 1080 pixels high): ​cinema​.​width​ = ​2048 Checking the width property of cinema shows that it has indeed changed to be 2048: ​println​(​"cinema is now ​(​cinema​.​width​)​ pixels wide"​) ​// prints "cinema is now 2048 pixels wide However, the width property of the original hd instance still has the old value of 1920: println​(​"hd is still ​(​hd​.​width​)​ pixels wide"​) // prints "hd is still 1920 pixels wide” When cinema was given the current value of hd, the values stored in hd were copied into the new cinema instance. The end result is two completely separate instances, which just happened to contain the same numeric values. Because they are separate instances, setting the width of cinema to 2048 doesn’t affect the width stored in hd.” Excerpt From: Apple Inc. “The Swift Programming Language.” iBooks. https://itun.es/us/jEUH0.l

这是结构体和类之间最大的区别。复制结构，引用类。

下面是一个例子，它精确地显示了struct和class之间的区别。

在操场上写的代码的截图

struct Radio1{
    var name:String
    //    init(name:String) {
    //        self.name = name
    //    }
}

struct Car1{
    var radio:Radio1?
    var model:String

}

var i1 = Car1(radio: Radio1(name:"murphy"),model:"sedan")
var i2 = i1
//since car instance i1 is a struct and 
//this car has every member as struct ,
//all values are copied into i2

i2.radio?.name //murphy
i2.radio = Radio1(name: "alpha")
i2.radio?.name //alpha

i1.radio?.name //murphy

//since Radio1 was struct , 
//values were copied and thus
// changing name  of instance of Radio1 in i2 
//did not bring change in i1

class Radio2{
    var name:String
    init(name:String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

struct Car2{
    var radio:Radio2?
    var model:String

}
var i3 = Car2(radio: Radio2(name:"murphy"),model:"sedan")
//var radioInstance = Radio2(name: "murphy")
//var i3 = Car2(radio: radioInstance,model:"sedan")

var i4 = i3
//since i3 is instance of struct
//everything is copied to i4 including reference of instance of Radio2
//because Radio2 is a class



i4.radio?.name //murphy
i4.radio?.name="alpha"
i4.radio?.name //alpha

i3.radio?.name //alpha

//since Radio2 was class, 
//reference was copied and 
//thus changing name of instance 
//of Radio2 in i4 did  bring change in i3 too


//i4.radio?.name
//i4.radio = Radio2(name: "alpha")
//i4.radio?.name
//
//i3.radio?.name