为什么在Java中2 * (i * i)比2 * i * i快?

下面的Java程序平均需要0.50到0.55秒的时间来运行:

public static void main(String[] args) {
    long startTime = System.nanoTime();
    int n = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
        n += 2 * (i * i);
    }
    System.out.println(
        (double) (System.nanoTime() - startTime) / 1000000000 + " s");
    System.out.println("n = " + n);
}

如果我将2 * (I * I)替换为2 * I * I，它将花费0.60到0.65秒的时间运行。如何来吗?

我把程序的每个版本都运行了15次，在两者之间交替运行。以下是调查结果:

 2*(i*i)  │  2*i*i
──────────┼──────────
0.5183738 │ 0.6246434
0.5298337 │ 0.6049722
0.5308647 │ 0.6603363
0.5133458 │ 0.6243328
0.5003011 │ 0.6541802
0.5366181 │ 0.6312638
0.515149  │ 0.6241105
0.5237389 │ 0.627815
0.5249942 │ 0.6114252
0.5641624 │ 0.6781033
0.538412  │ 0.6393969
0.5466744 │ 0.6608845
0.531159  │ 0.6201077
0.5048032 │ 0.6511559
0.5232789 │ 0.6544526

2 * i * i的最快运行时间比2 * (i * i)的最慢运行时间长。如果它们具有相同的效率，发生这种情况的概率将小于1/2^15 * 100% = 0.00305%。

当前回答

更像是一个附录。我使用IBM最新的Java 8 JVM重现了这个实验:

java version "1.8.0_191"
Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (IBM build 1.8.0_191-b12 26_Oct_2018_18_45 Mac OS X x64(SR5 FP25))
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.191-b12, mixed mode)

这显示了非常相似的结果:

0.374653912 s
n = 119860736
0.447778698 s
n = 119860736

(第二个结果使用2 * I * I)。

有趣的是，当在同一台机器上运行，但使用Oracle Java时:

Java version "1.8.0_181"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_181-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.181-b13, mixed mode)

结果平均来说有点慢:

0.414331815 s
n = 119860736
0.491430656 s
n = 119860736

长话短说:即使HotSpot的小版本号在这里也很重要，因为JIT实现中的细微差异可能会产生显著的影响。

2018-11-30 21:07:23

其他回答

Kasperd在对公认答案的评论中问道:

Java和C示例使用了完全不同的寄存器名称。这两个例子都使用AMD64 ISA?

xor edx, edx
xor eax, eax
.L2:
mov ecx, edx
imul ecx, edx
add edx, 1
lea eax, [rax+rcx*2]
cmp edx, 1000000000
jne .L2

我没有足够的声誉在评论中回答这个问题，但这些都是相同的ISA。值得指出的是，GCC版本使用32位整数逻辑，而JVM编译版本内部使用64位整数逻辑。

R8 to R15 are just new X86_64 registers. EAX to EDX are the lower parts of the RAX to RDX general purpose registers. The important part in the answer is that the GCC version is not unrolled. It simply executes one round of the loop per actual machine code loop. While the JVM version has 16 rounds of the loop in one physical loop (based on rustyx answer, I did not reinterpret the assembly). This is one of the reasons why there are more registers being used since the loop body is actually 16 times longer.

2018-11-25 18:18:01

字节码:https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall00/V22.0201-001/jvm2.html 字节码查看器:https://github.com/Konloch/bytecode-viewer

在我的JDK (Windows 10 64位，1.8.0_65-b17)上，我可以复制并解释:

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int repeat = 10;
    long A = 0;
    long B = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
        A += test();
        B += testB();
    }

    System.out.println(A / repeat + " ms");
    System.out.println(B / repeat + " ms");
}


private static long test() {
    int n = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        n += multi(i);
    }
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
        n += multi(i);
    }
    long ms = (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime);
    System.out.println(ms + " ms A " + n);
    return ms;
}


private static long testB() {
    int n = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        n += multiB(i);
    }
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
        n += multiB(i);
    }
    long ms = (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime);
    System.out.println(ms + " ms B " + n);
    return ms;
}

private static int multiB(int i) {
    return 2 * (i * i);
}

private static int multi(int i) {
    return 2 * i * i;
}

输出:

...
405 ms A 785527736
327 ms B 785527736
404 ms A 785527736
329 ms B 785527736
404 ms A 785527736
328 ms B 785527736
404 ms A 785527736
328 ms B 785527736
410 ms
333 ms

所以为什么? 字节代码如下:

 private static multiB(int arg0) { // 2 * (i * i)
     <localVar:index=0, name=i , desc=I, sig=null, start=L1, end=L2>

     L1 {
         iconst_2
         iload0
         iload0
         imul
         imul
         ireturn
     }
     L2 {
     }
 }

 private static multi(int arg0) { // 2 * i * i
     <localVar:index=0, name=i , desc=I, sig=null, start=L1, end=L2>

     L1 {
         iconst_2
         iload0
         imul
         iload0
         imul
         ireturn
     }
     L2 {
     }
 }

区别在于: 括号(2 * (i * i)):

Push const堆栈将本地文件推入堆栈将本地文件推入堆栈将堆栈顶部相乘将堆栈顶部相乘

不带括号(2 * i * i):

Push const堆栈将本地文件推入堆栈将堆栈顶部相乘将本地文件推入堆栈将堆栈顶部相乘

将所有内容加载到堆栈，然后再返回，这比在添加堆栈和操作堆栈之间切换要快。

2018-11-23 21:19:06

我得到了类似的结果:

2 * (i * i): 0.458765943 s, n=119860736
2 * i * i: 0.580255126 s, n=119860736

如果两个循环都在同一个程序中，或者每个循环都在单独的.java文件/.class中，在单独的运行中执行，我得到了相同的结果。

最后，这里是一个javap -c -v <.java>的反编译:

     3: ldc           #3                  // String 2 * (i * i):
     5: invokevirtual #4                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
     8: invokestatic  #5                  // Method java/lang/System.nanoTime:()J
     8: invokestatic  #5                  // Method java/lang/System.nanoTime:()J
    11: lstore_1
    12: iconst_0
    13: istore_3
    14: iconst_0
    15: istore        4
    17: iload         4
    19: ldc           #6                  // int 1000000000
    21: if_icmpge     40
    24: iload_3
    25: iconst_2
    26: iload         4
    28: iload         4
    30: imul
    31: imul
    32: iadd
    33: istore_3
    34: iinc          4, 1
    37: goto          17

vs.

     3: ldc           #3                  // String 2 * i * i:
     5: invokevirtual #4                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.print:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
     8: invokestatic  #5                  // Method java/lang/System.nanoTime:()J
    11: lstore_1
    12: iconst_0
    13: istore_3
    14: iconst_0
    15: istore        4
    17: iload         4
    19: ldc           #6                  // int 1000000000
    21: if_icmpge     40
    24: iload_3
    25: iconst_2
    26: iload         4
    28: imul
    29: iload         4
    31: imul
    32: iadd
    33: istore_3
    34: iinc          4, 1
    37: goto          17

仅供参考,

java -version
java version "1.8.0_121"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_121-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.121-b13, mixed mode)

2018-11-23 21:10:06

使用Java 11并使用以下VM选项关闭循环展开的有趣观察:

-XX:LoopUnrollLimit=0

带有2 * (i * i)表达式的循环会产生更紧凑的本机代码1:

L0001: add    eax,r11d
       inc    r8d
       mov    r11d,r8d
       imul   r11d,r8d
       shl    r11d,1h
       cmp    r8d,r10d
       jl     L0001

与2 * I * I版本相比:

L0001: add    eax,r11d
       mov    r11d,r8d
       shl    r11d,1h
       add    r11d,2h
       inc    r8d
       imul   r11d,r8d
       cmp    r8d,r10d
       jl     L0001

Java版本:

java version "11" 2018-09-25
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment 18.9 (build 11+28)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 18.9 (build 11+28, mixed mode)

基准测试结果:

Benchmark          (size)  Mode  Cnt    Score     Error  Units
LoopTest.fast  1000000000  avgt    5  694,868 ±  36,470  ms/op
LoopTest.slow  1000000000  avgt    5  769,840 ± 135,006  ms/op

基准测试源代码:

@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 5, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 5, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@State(Scope.Thread)
@Fork(1)
public class LoopTest {

    @Param("1000000000") private int size;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws RunnerException {
        Options opt = new OptionsBuilder()
            .include(LoopTest.class.getSimpleName())
            .jvmArgs("-XX:LoopUnrollLimit=0")
            .build();
        new Runner(opt).run();
    }

    @Benchmark
    public int slow() {
        int n = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            n += 2 * i * i;
        return n;
    }

    @Benchmark
    public int fast() {
        int n = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            n += 2 * (i * i);
        return n;
    }
}

1 -虚拟机选项使用:- xx:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions - xx:+PrintAssembly - xx:LoopUnrollLimit=0

2018-12-02 02:38:47