如何在Java中初始化一个静态Map ?
方法一:静态初始化器 方法二:实例初始化器(匿名子类) 或 还有别的方法吗?
它们各自的优点和缺点是什么?
下面是一个例子来说明这两种方法:
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class Test {
private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap = new HashMap<>();
static {
myMap.put(1, "one");
myMap.put(2, "two");
}
private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap2 = new HashMap<>(){
{
put(1, "one");
put(2, "two");
}
};
}
当前回答
我不喜欢静态初始化语法，我不相信匿名子类。一般来说，我同意前面的回答中提到的使用静态初始化器的所有缺点和使用匿名子类的所有缺点。另一方面，这些文章中的优点对我来说是不够的。我更喜欢使用静态初始化方法:
public class MyClass {
private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap = prepareMap();
private static Map<Integer, String> prepareMap() {
Map<Integer, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
hashMap.put(1, "one");
hashMap.put(2, "two");
return hashMap;
}
}
其他回答
在这种情况下，我绝不会创建匿名子类。静态初始化器同样有效，如果你想让映射不可修改，例如:
private static final Map<Integer, String> MY_MAP;
static
{
Map<Integer, String>tempMap = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
tempMap.put(1, "one");
tempMap.put(2, "two");
MY_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(tempMap);
}
注意:这个答案实际上属于问题如何直接初始化一个HashMap(在字面上)?但由于在写这篇文章时，它被标记为这篇文章的副本……
在Java 9的Map.of()之前(它也被限制为10个映射)，你可以扩展你选择的Map实现，例如:
public class InitHashMap<K, V> extends HashMap<K, V>
重新实现HashMap的构造函数:
public InitHashMap() {
super();
}
public InitHashMap( int initialCapacity, float loadFactor ) {
super( initialCapacity, loadFactor );
}
public InitHashMap( int initialCapacity ) {
super( initialCapacity );
}
public InitHashMap( Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map ) {
super( map );
}
并添加一个额外的构造函数，它受到Aerthel的答案的启发，但通过使用Object…和<K, V>类型:
public InitHashMap( final Object... keyValuePairs ) {
if ( keyValuePairs.length % 2 != 0 )
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Uneven number of arguments." );
K key = null;
int i = -1;
for ( final Object keyOrValue : keyValuePairs )
switch ( ++i % 2 ) {
case 0: // key
if ( keyOrValue == null )
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Key[" + (i >>> 1) + "] is <null>." );
key = (K) keyOrValue;
continue;
case 1: // value
put( key, (V) keyOrValue );
}
}
Run
public static void main( final String[] args ) {
final Map<Integer, String> map = new InitHashMap<>( 1, "First", 2, "Second", 3, "Third" );
System.out.println( map );
}
输出
{1=First, 2=Second, 3=Third}
你也可以扩展Map接口:
public interface InitMap<K, V> extends Map<K, V> {
static <K, V> Map<K, V> of( final Object... keyValuePairs ) {
if ( keyValuePairs.length % 2 != 0 )
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Uneven number of arguments." );
final Map<K, V> map = new HashMap<>( keyValuePairs.length >>> 1, .75f );
K key = null;
int i = -1;
for ( final Object keyOrValue : keyValuePairs )
switch ( ++i % 2 ) {
case 0: // key
if ( keyOrValue == null )
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Key[" + (i >>> 1) + "] is <null>." );
key = (K) keyOrValue;
continue;
case 1: // value
map.put( key, (V) keyOrValue );
}
return map;
}
}
Run
public static void main( final String[] args ) {
System.out.println( InitMap.of( 1, "First", 2, "Second", 3, "Third" ) );
}
输出
{1=First, 2=Second, 3=Third}
如果你只需要向映射中添加一个值，你可以使用Collections.singletonMap:
Map<K, V> map = Collections.singletonMap(key, value)
使用Eclipse Collections，以下所有功能都可以工作:
import java.util.Map;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.ImmutableMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.MutableMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.impl.factory.Maps;
public class StaticMapsTest
{
private static final Map<Integer, String> MAP =
Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");
private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> MUTABLE_MAP =
Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");
private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> UNMODIFIABLE_MAP =
Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").asUnmodifiable();
private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> SYNCHRONIZED_MAP =
Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").asSynchronized();
private static final ImmutableMap<Integer, String> IMMUTABLE_MAP =
Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").toImmutable();
private static final ImmutableMap<Integer, String> IMMUTABLE_MAP2 =
Maps.immutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");
}
您还可以使用Eclipse Collections静态地初始化原始映射。
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.primitive.ImmutableIntObjectMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.primitive.MutableIntObjectMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.impl.factory.primitive.IntObjectMaps;
public class StaticPrimitiveMapsTest
{
private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> MUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
.withKeyValue(1, "one")
.withKeyValue(2, "two");
private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> UNMODIFIABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
.withKeyValue(1, "one")
.withKeyValue(2, "two")
.asUnmodifiable();
private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> SYNCHRONIZED_INT_OBJ_MAP =
IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
.withKeyValue(1, "one")
.withKeyValue(2, "two")
.asSynchronized();
private static final ImmutableIntObjectMap<String> IMMUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
.withKeyValue(1, "one")
.withKeyValue(2, "two")
.toImmutable();
private static final ImmutableIntObjectMap<String> IMMUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP2 =
IntObjectMaps.immutable.<String>empty()
.newWithKeyValue(1, "one")
.newWithKeyValue(2, "two");
}
注意:我是Eclipse Collections的提交者
第二个方法的一个优点是，你可以用Collections.unmodifiableMap()来包装它，以确保以后不会更新集合:
private static final Map<Integer, String> CONSTANT_MAP =
Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap<Integer, String>() {{
put(1, "one");
put(2, "two");
}});
// later on...
CONSTANT_MAP.put(3, "three"); // going to throw an exception!
