我不喜欢静态初始化语法，我不相信匿名子类。一般来说，我同意前面的回答中提到的使用静态初始化器的所有缺点和使用匿名子类的所有缺点。另一方面，这些文章中的优点对我来说是不够的。我更喜欢使用静态初始化方法:

public class MyClass {
    private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap = prepareMap();

    private static Map<Integer, String> prepareMap() {
        Map<Integer, String> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
        hashMap.put(1, "one");
        hashMap.put(2, "two");

        return hashMap;
    }
}

Java 5提供了更紧凑的语法:

static final Map<String , String> FLAVORS = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
    put("Up",    "Down");
    put("Charm", "Strange");
    put("Top",   "Bottom");
}};

如果你想要一些简洁和相对安全的东西，你可以将编译时类型检查转移到运行时:

static final Map<String, Integer> map = MapUtils.unmodifiableMap(
    String.class, Integer.class,
    "cat",  4,
    "dog",  2,
    "frog", 17
);

这个实现应该捕获任何错误:

import java.util.HashMap;

public abstract class MapUtils
{
    private MapUtils() { }

    public static <K, V> HashMap<K, V> unmodifiableMap(
            Class<? extends K> keyClazz,
            Class<? extends V> valClazz,
            Object...keyValues)
    {
        return Collections.<K, V>unmodifiableMap(makeMap(
            keyClazz,
            valClazz,
            keyValues));
    }

    public static <K, V> HashMap<K, V> makeMap(
            Class<? extends K> keyClazz,
            Class<? extends V> valClazz,
            Object...keyValues)
    {
        if (keyValues.length % 2 != 0)
        {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "'keyValues' was formatted incorrectly!  "
                  + "(Expected an even length, but found '" + keyValues.length + "')");
        }

        HashMap<K, V> result = new HashMap<K, V>(keyValues.length / 2);

        for (int i = 0; i < keyValues.length;)
        {
            K key = cast(keyClazz, keyValues[i], i);
            ++i;
            V val = cast(valClazz, keyValues[i], i);
            ++i;
            result.put(key, val);
        }

        return result;
    }

    private static <T> T cast(Class<? extends T> clazz, Object object, int i)
    {
        try
        {
            return clazz.cast(object);
        }
        catch (ClassCastException e)
        {
            String objectName = (i % 2 == 0) ? "Key" : "Value";
            String format = "%s at index %d ('%s') wasn't assignable to type '%s'";
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(format, objectName, i, object.toString(), clazz.getSimpleName()), e);
        }
    }
}

第二个方法的一个优点是，你可以用Collections.unmodifiableMap()来包装它，以确保以后不会更新集合:

private static final Map<Integer, String> CONSTANT_MAP = 
    Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap<Integer, String>() {{ 
        put(1, "one");
        put(2, "two");
    }});

 // later on...

 CONSTANT_MAP.put(3, "three"); // going to throw an exception!

如果你可以使用字符串表示你的数据，这也是一个选项在Java 8:

static Map<Integer, String> MAP = Stream.of(
        "1=one",
        "2=two"
).collect(Collectors.toMap(k -> Integer.parseInt(k.split("=")[0]), v -> v.split("=")[1]));

现在Java 8已经发布了，这个问题值得重新审视。我尝试了一下——看起来也许你可以利用lambda表达式语法来获得一个非常漂亮和简洁(但类型安全)的映射文字语法，看起来像这样:

Map<String,Object> myMap = hashMap(
    bob -> 5,
    TheGimp -> 8,
    incredibleKoolAid -> "James Taylor",
    heyArnold -> new Date()
);

Map<String,Integer> typesafeMap = treeMap(
    a -> 5,
    bee -> 8,
    sea -> 13
    deep -> 21
);

未经测试的示例代码在https://gist.github.com/galdosd/10823529 会对其他人对此的看法感到好奇(这有点邪恶…)