这里我有另一个稍微不同的解决方案:

def deepMerge(d1, d2, inconflict = lambda v1,v2 : v2) :
''' merge d2 into d1. using inconflict function to resolve the leaf conflicts '''
    for k in d2:
        if k in d1 : 
            if isinstance(d1[k], dict) and isinstance(d2[k], dict) :
                deepMerge(d1[k], d2[k], inconflict)
            elif d1[k] != d2[k] :
                d1[k] = inconflict(d1[k], d2[k])
        else :
            d1[k] = d2[k]
    return d1

默认情况下，它解决冲突，支持来自第二个字典的值，但您可以很容易地覆盖这一点，使用一些巫术，您甚至可以抛出异常。:)。

from collections import defaultdict
from itertools import chain

class DictHelper:

@staticmethod
def merge_dictionaries(*dictionaries, override=True):
    merged_dict = defaultdict(set)
    all_unique_keys = set(chain(*[list(dictionary.keys()) for dictionary in dictionaries]))  # Build a set using all dict keys
    for key in all_unique_keys:
        keys_value_type = list(set(filter(lambda obj_type: obj_type != type(None), [type(dictionary.get(key, None)) for dictionary in dictionaries])))
        # Establish the object type for each key, return None if key is not present in dict and remove None from final result
        if len(keys_value_type) != 1:
            raise Exception("Different objects type for same key: {keys_value_type}".format(keys_value_type=keys_value_type))

        if keys_value_type[0] == list:
            values = list(chain(*[dictionary.get(key, []) for dictionary in dictionaries]))  # Extract the value for each key
            merged_dict[key].update(values)

        elif keys_value_type[0] == dict:
            # Extract all dictionaries by key and enter in recursion
            dicts_to_merge = list(filter(lambda obj: obj != None, [dictionary.get(key, None) for dictionary in dictionaries]))
            merged_dict[key] = DictHelper.merge_dictionaries(*dicts_to_merge)

        else:
            # if override => get value from last dictionary else make a list of all values
            values = list(filter(lambda obj: obj != None, [dictionary.get(key, None) for dictionary in dictionaries]))
            merged_dict[key] = values[-1] if override else values

    return dict(merged_dict)



if __name__ == '__main__':
  d1 = {'aaaaaaaaa': ['to short', 'to long'], 'bbbbb': ['to short', 'to long'], "cccccc": ["the is a test"]}
  d2 = {'aaaaaaaaa': ['field is not a bool'], 'bbbbb': ['field is not a bool']}
  d3 = {'aaaaaaaaa': ['filed is not a string', "to short"], 'bbbbb': ['field is not an integer']}
  print(DictHelper.merge_dictionaries(d1, d2, d3))

  d4 = {"a": {"x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3, "d": {"x1": 10}}}
  d5 = {"a": {"x": 10, "y": 20, "d": {"x2": 20}}}
  print(DictHelper.merge_dictionaries(d4, d5))

输出:

{'bbbbb': {'to long', 'field is not an integer', 'to short', 'field is not a bool'}, 
'aaaaaaaaa': {'to long', 'to short', 'filed is not a string', 'field is not a bool'}, 
'cccccc': {'the is a test'}}

{'a': {'y': 20, 'd': {'x1': 10, 'x2': 20}, 'z': 3, 'x': 10}}

以下是来自@andrew cooke的回答。 它以更好的方式处理嵌套列表。

def deep_merge_lists(original, incoming):
    """
    Deep merge two lists. Modifies original.
    Recursively call deep merge on each correlated element of list. 
    If item type in both elements are
     a. dict: Call deep_merge_dicts on both values.
     b. list: Recursively call deep_merge_lists on both values.
     c. any other type: Value is overridden.
     d. conflicting types: Value is overridden.

    If length of incoming list is more that of original then extra values are appended.
    """
    common_length = min(len(original), len(incoming))
    for idx in range(common_length):
        if isinstance(original[idx], dict) and isinstance(incoming[idx], dict):
            deep_merge_dicts(original[idx], incoming[idx])

        elif isinstance(original[idx], list) and isinstance(incoming[idx], list):
            deep_merge_lists(original[idx], incoming[idx])

        else:
            original[idx] = incoming[idx]

    for idx in range(common_length, len(incoming)):
        original.append(incoming[idx])


def deep_merge_dicts(original, incoming):
    """
    Deep merge two dictionaries. Modifies original.
    For key conflicts if both values are:
     a. dict: Recursively call deep_merge_dicts on both values.
     b. list: Call deep_merge_lists on both values.
     c. any other type: Value is overridden.
     d. conflicting types: Value is overridden.

    """
    for key in incoming:
        if key in original:
            if isinstance(original[key], dict) and isinstance(incoming[key], dict):
                deep_merge_dicts(original[key], incoming[key])

            elif isinstance(original[key], list) and isinstance(incoming[key], list):
                deep_merge_lists(original[key], incoming[key])

            else:
                original[key] = incoming[key]
        else:
            original[key] = incoming[key]

我有两个字典(a和b)，每个字典可以包含任意数量的嵌套字典。我想递归地合并它们，b优先于a。

将嵌套字典视为树，我想要的是:

更新a，使b中每个叶结点的每条路径都表示在a中 如果在b的对应路径中找到了叶子，则覆盖a的子树 保持所有b个叶节点都是叶节点的不变式。

现有的答案对我来说有点复杂，有些细节被束之高阁。我将以下内容整合在一起，它们通过了我的数据集的单元测试。

  def merge_map(a, b):
    if not isinstance(a, dict) or not isinstance(b, dict):
      return b

    for key in b.keys():
      a[key] = merge_map(a[key], b[key]) if key in a else b[key]
    return a

示例(为清晰起见，已格式化):

 a = {
    1 : {'a': 'red', 
         'b': {'blue': 'fish', 'yellow': 'bear' },
         'c': { 'orange': 'dog'},
    },
    2 : {'d': 'green'},
    3: 'e'
  }

  b = {
    1 : {'b': 'white'},
    2 : {'d': 'black'},
    3: 'e'
  }


  >>> merge_map(a, b)
  {1: {'a': 'red', 
       'b': 'white',
       'c': {'orange': 'dog'},},
   2: {'d': 'black'},
   3: 'e'}

b中需要维护的路径为:

1 -> 'b' -> 'white' 2 -> 'd' -> 'black' 3 -> 'e'。

A拥有独特且不冲突的路径:

1 -> 'a' -> 'red' 1 -> 'c' -> 'orange' -> 'dog'

所以它们仍然在合并后的映射中表示。

Short-n-sweet:

from collections.abc import MutableMapping as Map

def nested_update(d, v):
"""
Nested update of dict-like 'd' with dict-like 'v'.
"""

for key in v:
    if key in d and isinstance(d[key], Map) and isinstance(v[key], Map):
        nested_update(d[key], v[key])
    else:
        d[key] = v[key]

这类似于(并且构建在)Python的字典上。更新方法。它返回None(如果你喜欢，你总是可以添加返回d)，因为它在原地更新dict d。v中的键将覆盖d中任何现有的键(它不会尝试解释字典的内容)。

它也适用于其他(“类字典”)映射。

你可以试试mergedeep。

安装

$ pip3 install mergedeep

使用

from mergedeep import merge

a = {"keyA": 1}
b = {"keyB": {"sub1": 10}}
c = {"keyB": {"sub2": 20}}

merge(a, b, c) 

print(a)
# {"keyA": 1, "keyB": {"sub1": 10, "sub2": 20}}

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