这是我做的递归合并字典到无限深度的解决方案。传递给函数的第一个字典是主字典——其中的值将覆盖第二个字典中相同键的值。

def merge(dict1: dict, dict2: dict) -> dict:
    merged = dict1

    for key in dict2:
        if type(dict2[key]) == dict:
            merged[key] = merge(dict1[key] if key in dict1 else {}, dict2[key])
        else:
            if key not in dict1.keys():
                merged[key] = dict2[key]

    return merged

这里有一个使用生成器的简单方法:

def mergedicts(dict1, dict2):
    for k in set(dict1.keys()).union(dict2.keys()):
        if k in dict1 and k in dict2:
            if isinstance(dict1[k], dict) and isinstance(dict2[k], dict):
                yield (k, dict(mergedicts(dict1[k], dict2[k])))
            else:
                # If one of the values is not a dict, you can't continue merging it.
                # Value from second dict overrides one in first and we move on.
                yield (k, dict2[k])
                # Alternatively, replace this with exception raiser to alert you of value conflicts
        elif k in dict1:
            yield (k, dict1[k])
        else:
            yield (k, dict2[k])

dict1 = {1:{"a":"A"},2:{"b":"B"}}
dict2 = {2:{"c":"C"},3:{"d":"D"}}

print dict(mergedicts(dict1,dict2))

这个打印:

{1: {'a': 'A'}, 2: {'c': 'C', 'b': 'B'}, 3: {'d': 'D'}}

由于dictviews支持集合操作，我能够极大地简化jterrace的答案。

def merge(dict1, dict2):
    for k in dict1.keys() - dict2.keys():
        yield (k, dict1[k])

    for k in dict2.keys() - dict1.keys():
        yield (k, dict2[k])

    for k in dict1.keys() & dict2.keys():
        yield (k, dict(merge(dict1[k], dict2[k])))

任何将dict与非dict(技术上讲，一个带有'keys'方法的对象和一个没有'keys'方法的对象)组合的尝试都会引发AttributeError。这包括对函数的初始调用和递归调用。这正是我想要的，所以我离开了。您可以很容易地捕获递归调用抛出的AttributeErrors，然后生成您想要的任何值。

下面的函数将b合并为a。

def mergedicts(a, b):
    for key in b:
        if isinstance(a.get(key), dict) or isinstance(b.get(key), dict):
            mergedicts(a[key], b[key])
        else:
            a[key] = b[key]
    return a

def m(a,b):
    aa = {
        k : dict(a.get(k,{}), **v) for k,v in b.items()
        }
    aap = print(aa)
    return aap

d1 = {1:{"a":"A"}, 2:{"b":"B"}}

d2 = {2:{"c":"C"}, 3:{"d":"D"}}

dict1 = {1:{"a":{1}}, 2:{"b":{2}}}

dict2 = {2:{"c":{222}}, 3:{"d":{3}}}

m(d1,d2)

m(dict1,dict2)

"""
Output :

{2: {'b': 'B', 'c': 'C'}, 3: {'d': 'D'}}


{2: {'b': {2}, 'c': {222}}, 3: {'d': {3}}}

"""

andrew cookes的回答有一个小问题:在某些情况下，当你修改返回的dict时，它会修改第二个参数b。具体来说是因为这句话:

if key in a:
    ...
else:
    a[key] = b[key]

如果b[key]是一个字典，它将被简单地赋给a，这意味着对该字典的任何后续修改将同时影响a和b。

a={}
b={'1':{'2':'b'}}
c={'1':{'3':'c'}}
merge(merge(a,b), c) # {'1': {'3': 'c', '2': 'b'}}
a # {'1': {'3': 'c', '2': 'b'}} (as expected)
b # {'1': {'3': 'c', '2': 'b'}} <----
c # {'1': {'3': 'c'}} (unmodified)

为了解决这个问题，这一行必须用这个替换:

if isinstance(b[key], dict):
    a[key] = clone_dict(b[key])
else:
    a[key] = b[key]

其中clone_dict为:

def clone_dict(obj):
    clone = {}
    for key, value in obj.iteritems():
        if isinstance(value, dict):
            clone[key] = clone_dict(value)
        else:
            clone[key] = value
    return

不动。这显然没有考虑到list, set和其他东西，但我希望它说明了合并字典时的陷阱。

为了完整起见，这里是我的版本，在那里你可以传递它多个字典:

def merge_dicts(*args):
    def clone_dict(obj):
        clone = {}
        for key, value in obj.iteritems():
            if isinstance(value, dict):
                clone[key] = clone_dict(value)
            else:
                clone[key] = value
        return

    def merge(a, b, path=[]):
        for key in b:
            if key in a:
                if isinstance(a[key], dict) and isinstance(b[key], dict):
                    merge(a[key], b[key], path + [str(key)])
                elif a[key] == b[key]:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise Exception('Conflict at `{path}\''.format(path='.'.join(path + [str(key)])))
            else:
                if isinstance(b[key], dict):
                    a[key] = clone_dict(b[key])
                else:
                    a[key] = b[key]
        return a
    return reduce(merge, args, {})