在Python中，计算两个列表之间的差值的最佳方法是什么?
例子
A = [1,2,3,4]
B = [2,5]
A - B = [1,3,4]
B - A = [5]
当前回答
添加一个答案来处理我们想要严格区别重复的情况，也就是说，在第一个列表中有我们想要保留在结果中的重复。例如，得到，
[1, 1, 1, 2] - [1, 1] --> [1, 2]
我们可以用一个额外的计数器来得到一个优雅的差分函数。
from collections import Counter
def diff(first, second):
secondCntr = Counter(second)
second = set(second)
res = []
for i in first:
if i not in second:
res.append(i)
elif i in secondCntr:
if secondCntr[i] > 0:
secondCntr[i] -= 1
else:
res.append(i)
return res
其他回答
如果你想要递归地深入到列表中的项目，我已经为python编写了一个包:https://github.com/erasmose/deepdiff
安装
从PyPi安装:
pip install deepdiff
如果你是Python3，你还需要安装:
pip install future six
示例使用
>>> from deepdiff import DeepDiff
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> from __future__ import print_function
同一对象返回空
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = t1
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> print (ddiff.changes)
{}
项目类型发生变化
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:"2", 3:3}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> print (ddiff.changes)
{'type_changes': ["root[2]: 2=<type 'int'> vs. 2=<type 'str'>"]}
某项的值已更改
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> print (ddiff.changes)
{'values_changed': ['root[2]: 2 ====>> 4']}
项目添加和/或删除
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:4}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3, 5:5, 6:6}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes)
{'dic_item_added': ['root[5, 6]'],
'dic_item_removed': ['root[4]'],
'values_changed': ['root[2]: 2 ====>> 4']}
字符串的区别
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world"}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:4, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world!"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ 'values_changed': [ 'root[2]: 2 ====>> 4',
"root[4]['b']:\n--- \n+++ \n@@ -1 +1 @@\n-world\n+world!"]}
>>>
>>> print (ddiff.changes['values_changed'][1])
root[4]['b']:
---
+++
@@ -1 +1 @@
-world
+world!
字符串差2
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world!\nGoodbye!\n1\n2\nEnd"}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world\n1\n2\nEnd"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ 'values_changed': [ "root[4]['b']:\n--- \n+++ \n@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@\n-world!\n-Goodbye!\n+world\n 1\n 2\n End"]}
>>>
>>> print (ddiff.changes['values_changed'][0])
root[4]['b']:
---
+++
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-world!
-Goodbye!
+world
1
2
End
类型变化
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":"world\n\n\nEnd"}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ 'type_changes': [ "root[4]['b']: [1, 2, 3]=<type 'list'> vs. world\n\n\nEnd=<type 'str'>"]}
列表的区别
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ 'list_removed': ["root[4]['b']: [3]"]}
区别2:注意它不考虑顺序
>>> # Note that it DOES NOT take order into account
... t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, 3]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 3, 2]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ }
包含字典的列表:
>>> t1 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, {1:1, 2:2}]}}
>>> t2 = {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:{"a":"hello", "b":[1, 2, {1:3}]}}
>>> ddiff = DeepDiff(t1, t2)
>>> pprint (ddiff.changes, indent = 2)
{ 'dic_item_removed': ["root[4]['b'][2][2]"],
'values_changed': ["root[4]['b'][2][1]: 1 ====>> 3"]}
在这个线程中，我没有看到保留a中的重复的解决方案。当a中的一个元素与B中的一个元素匹配时，这个元素必须在B中删除，这样当相同的元素在a中再次出现时，如果这个元素在B中只出现一次，那么它必须出现在差异中。
def diff(first, second):
l2 = list(second)
l3 = []
for el in first:
if el in l2:
l2.remove(el)
else:
l3 += [el]
return l3
l1 = [1, 2, 1, 3, 4]
l2 = [1, 2, 3, 3]
diff(l1, l2)
>>> [1, 4]
Python 2.7.3(默认，2014年2月27日，19:58:35)- IPython 1.1.0 - timeit:(github gist)
def diff(a, b):
b = set(b)
return [aa for aa in a if aa not in b]
def set_diff(a, b):
return list(set(a) - set(b))
diff_lamb_hension = lambda l1,l2: [x for x in l1 if x not in l2]
diff_lamb_filter = lambda l1,l2: filter(lambda x: x not in l2, l1)
from difflib import SequenceMatcher
def squeezer(a, b):
squeeze = SequenceMatcher(None, a, b)
return reduce(lambda p,q: p+q, map(
lambda t: squeeze.a[t[1]:t[2]],
filter(lambda x:x[0]!='equal',
squeeze.get_opcodes())))
结果:
# Small
a = range(10)
b = range(10/2)
timeit[diff(a, b)]
100000 loops, best of 3: 1.97 µs per loop
timeit[set_diff(a, b)]
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.71 µs per loop
timeit[diff_lamb_hension(a, b)]
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.1 µs per loop
timeit[diff_lamb_filter(a, b)]
100000 loops, best of 3: 3.58 µs per loop
timeit[squeezer(a, b)]
10000 loops, best of 3: 36 µs per loop
# Medium
a = range(10**4)
b = range(10**4/2)
timeit[diff(a, b)]
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.17 ms per loop
timeit[set_diff(a, b)]
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.27 ms per loop
timeit[diff_lamb_hension(a, b)]
1 loops, best of 3: 736 ms per loop
timeit[diff_lamb_filter(a, b)]
1 loops, best of 3: 732 ms per loop
timeit[squeezer(a, b)]
100 loops, best of 3: 12.8 ms per loop
# Big
a = xrange(10**7)
b = xrange(10**7/2)
timeit[diff(a, b)]
1 loops, best of 3: 1.74 s per loop
timeit[set_diff(a, b)]
1 loops, best of 3: 2.57 s per loop
timeit[diff_lamb_filter(a, b)]
# too long to wait for
timeit[diff_lamb_filter(a, b)]
# too long to wait for
timeit[diff_lamb_filter(a, b)]
# TypeError: sequence index must be integer, not 'slice'
@roman-bodnarchuk列表推导函数def diff(a, b)似乎更快。
添加一个答案来处理我们想要严格区别重复的情况，也就是说，在第一个列表中有我们想要保留在结果中的重复。例如，得到，
[1, 1, 1, 2] - [1, 1] --> [1, 2]
我们可以用一个额外的计数器来得到一个优雅的差分函数。
from collections import Counter
def diff(first, second):
secondCntr = Counter(second)
second = set(second)
res = []
for i in first:
if i not in second:
res.append(i)
elif i in secondCntr:
if secondCntr[i] > 0:
secondCntr[i] -= 1
else:
res.append(i)
return res
上面的例子使计算差异的问题变得微不足道。假设排序或重复数据删除确实使计算差异变得更容易，但如果您的比较无法承担这些假设，那么您将需要一个diff算法的重要实现。请参阅python标准库中的difflib。
#! /usr/bin/python2
from difflib import SequenceMatcher
A = [1,2,3,4]
B = [2,5]
squeeze=SequenceMatcher( None, A, B )
print "A - B = [%s]"%( reduce( lambda p,q: p+q,
map( lambda t: squeeze.a[t[1]:t[2]],
filter(lambda x:x[0]!='equal',
squeeze.get_opcodes() ) ) ) )
或Python3…
#! /usr/bin/python3
from difflib import SequenceMatcher
from functools import reduce
A = [1,2,3,4]
B = [2,5]
squeeze=SequenceMatcher( None, A, B )
print( "A - B = [%s]"%( reduce( lambda p,q: p+q,
map( lambda t: squeeze.a[t[1]:t[2]],
filter(lambda x:x[0]!='equal',
squeeze.get_opcodes() ) ) ) ) )
输出:
A - B = [[1, 3, 4]]
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