回调允许您将自己的代码插入到另一个代码块中，以便在另一个时间执行，从而修改或添加其他代码块的行为以满足您的需要。您获得了灵活性和可定制性，同时能够拥有更可维护的代码。

更少的硬代码=更容易维护和更改=更少的时间=更多的业务价值=很棒。

例如，在javascript中，使用Underscore.js，你可以在这样的数组中找到所有偶数元素:

var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [2, 4, 6]

示例由Underscore.js提供:http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/#filter

这是关于下载网页的:

Your program runs on a cellphone and is requesting the webpage http://www.google.com. If you write your program synchronously, the function you write to download the data will be running continuously until all the data is download. This means your UI will not refresh and will basically appear frozen. If you write your program using callbacks, you request the data and say "execute this function when you've finished." This allows the UI to still allow user interaction while the file is downloading. Once the webpage has finished downloading, your result function (callback) is called and you can handle the data.

基本上，它允许你请求一些东西，并在等待结果的同时继续执行。一旦结果通过回调函数返回给您，您就可以从它停止的地方开始操作。

假设你需要一个函数返回10的平方，那么你写一个函数:

function tenSquared() {return 10*10;}

之后你需要9的平方，所以你写了另一个函数:

function nineSquared() {return 9*9;}

最终你将用一个泛型函数替换所有这些:

function square(x) {return x*x;}

同样的想法也适用于回调。你有一个函数，它做一些事情，当完成时调用doA:

function computeA(){
    ...
    doA(result);
}

之后你想要完全相同的函数调用doB，而不是你可以复制整个函数:

function computeB(){
    ...
    doB(result);
}

或者你可以将回调函数作为变量传递，并且只需要使用该函数一次:

function compute(callback){
    ...
    callback(result);
}

然后你只需要调用compute(doA)和compute(doB)。

除了简化代码之外，它还让异步代码通过在完成时调用任意函数来让您知道它已经完成，这与打电话给某人并留下回调号码类似。

隐喻性的解释:

我有一个包裹要寄给一个朋友，我也想知道我的朋友什么时候收到。

所以我把包裹带到邮局，让他们把它送到。如果我想知道我的朋友什么时候收到包裹，我有两个选择:

我可以在邮局等邮件送到。

(b)邮件送达后我会收到电子邮件。

选项(b)类似于回调。

为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。

说白了，回调就是承诺。乔、简、大卫和萨曼莎拼车去上班。乔今天开车。简，大卫和萨曼莎有几个选择:

每五分钟查看一下窗户，看看乔是否出去了 继续做他们的事，直到乔按门铃。

选项1:这更像是一个轮询示例，Jane将被困在一个“循环”中，检查Joe是否在室外。在此期间简不能做其他事情。

选项2:这是回调示例。简告诉乔当他在外面时按她的门铃。她给了他一个按门铃的“功能”。Joe不需要知道门铃是如何工作的，也不需要知道它在哪里，他只需要调用那个函数，即当他在那里时按门铃。

回调是由“事件”驱动的。在这个例子中，“事件”是乔的到来。例如，在Ajax中，事件可以是异步请求的“成功”或“失败”，并且每个事件都可以有相同或不同的回调。

In terms of JavaScript applications and callbacks. We also need to understand "closures" and application context. What "this" refers to can easily confuse JavaScript developers. In this example within each person's "ring_the_door_bell()" method/callback there might be some other methods that each person need to do based on their morning routine ex. "turn_off_the_tv()". We would want "this" to refer to the "Jane" object or the "David" object so that each can setup whatever else they need done before Joe picks them up. This is where setting up the callback with Joe requires parodying the method so that "this" refers to the right object.

希望有帮助!