这是关于下载网页的:

Your program runs on a cellphone and is requesting the webpage http://www.google.com. If you write your program synchronously, the function you write to download the data will be running continuously until all the data is download. This means your UI will not refresh and will basically appear frozen. If you write your program using callbacks, you request the data and say "execute this function when you've finished." This allows the UI to still allow user interaction while the file is downloading. Once the webpage has finished downloading, your result function (callback) is called and you can handle the data.

基本上，它允许你请求一些东西，并在等待结果的同时继续执行。一旦结果通过回调函数返回给您，您就可以从它停止的地方开始操作。

为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。

假设你需要一个函数返回10的平方，那么你写一个函数:

function tenSquared() {return 10*10;}

之后你需要9的平方，所以你写了另一个函数:

function nineSquared() {return 9*9;}

最终你将用一个泛型函数替换所有这些:

function square(x) {return x*x;}

同样的想法也适用于回调。你有一个函数，它做一些事情，当完成时调用doA:

function computeA(){
    ...
    doA(result);
}

之后你想要完全相同的函数调用doB，而不是你可以复制整个函数:

function computeB(){
    ...
    doB(result);
}

或者你可以将回调函数作为变量传递，并且只需要使用该函数一次:

function compute(callback){
    ...
    callback(result);
}

然后你只需要调用compute(doA)和compute(doB)。

除了简化代码之外，它还让异步代码通过在完成时调用任意函数来让您知道它已经完成，这与打电话给某人并留下回调号码类似。

通常，我们将变量发送给函数:function1(var1, var2)。

假设，你想在它被作为参数给出之前处理它:

这是一种回调类型，其中function2执行一些代码并将变量返回给初始函数。

编辑:回调这个词最常见的意思是一个函数作为参数传递给另一个函数，并在稍后的时间点被调用。这些思想存在于允许高阶函数的语言中，即将函数视为一等公民，通常用于异步编程中。onready dosomething()。在这里，只有当它准备好了，事情才会发生。

什么是回调函数?

对第一个问题的简单回答是，回调函数是通过函数指针调用的函数。如果你将一个函数的指针(地址)作为参数传递给另一个函数，当这个指针被用来调用它所指向的函数时，就被称为回调。

回调函数很难跟踪，但有时它非常有用。尤其是在设计库的时候。回调函数就像让你的用户给你一个函数名，你会在一定条件下调用这个函数。

例如，您编写了一个回调计时器。它允许您指定持续时间和调用什么函数，函数将相应地被回调。“每10秒运行myfunction() 5次”

或者，您可以创建一个函数目录，传递一个函数名列表，并要求库进行相应的回调。"如果成功，回调成功()，如果失败，回调失败()。"

让我们看一个简单的函数指针的例子

void cbfunc()
{
     printf("called");
}

 int main ()
 {
                   /* function pointer */ 
      void (*callback)(void); 
                   /* point to your callback function */ 
      callback=(void *)cbfunc; 
                   /* perform callback */
      callback();
      return 0; 
}

如何传递参数回调函数?

注意到实现回调的函数指针接受void *，这表明它可以接受任何类型的变量，包括结构。因此，您可以通过结构传递多个参数。

typedef struct myst
{
     int a;
     char b[10];
}myst;

void cbfunc(myst *mt) 
{
     fprintf(stdout,"called %d %s.",mt->a,mt->b); 
}

int main() 
{
       /* func pointer */
    void (*callback)(void *);       //param
     myst m;
     m.a=10;
     strcpy(m.b,"123");       
     callback = (void*)cbfunc;    /* point to callback function */
     callback(&m);                /* perform callback and pass in the param */
     return 0;   
}

用电话系统来描述回调是最容易的。函数调用类似于打电话给某人，问她一个问题，得到答案，然后挂断电话;添加回调改变了这个类比，这样在问她一个问题之后，你也可以告诉她你的名字和电话号码，这样她就可以给你回电话，告诉你答案。——保罗·雅库比 、《c++中的回调实现》