我要尽量让这个问题简单化。“回调”是由另一个以第一个函数为参数的函数调用的任何函数。很多时候，“回调”是在发生某些事情时调用的函数。在编程语言中，这可以被称为“事件”。

想象一下这样的场景:你几天后就会收到一个包裹。这个包裹是给邻居的礼物。因此，一旦你得到了包裹，你想把它带到邻居那里。你出城了，所以你给你的配偶留下了指示。

你可以让他们去拿包裹，然后送到邻居那里。如果你的配偶像电脑一样愚蠢，他们会坐在门口等包裹来(什么也不做)，然后一旦它来了，他们就会把它带到邻居那里。但是有一个更好的办法。告诉你的配偶，一旦他们收到包裹，他们应该把它带到邻居那里。然后，他们可以正常生活，直到他们收到包裹。

在我们的例子中，包的接收是“事件”，而把它带给邻居是“回调”。你的配偶“执行”你的指示，只有当包裹到达时才把包裹带过来。更好的!

这种思维在日常生活中很明显，但计算机没有这种常识。考虑程序员通常如何写入文件:

fileObject = open(file)
# now that we have WAITED for the file to open, we can write to it
fileObject.write("We are writing to the file.")
# now we can continue doing the other, totally unrelated things our program does

在这里，我们等待文件打开，然后再写入它。这“阻塞”了执行流，我们的程序不能做它可能需要做的任何其他事情!如果我们可以这样做:

# we pass writeToFile (A CALLBACK FUNCTION!) to the open function
fileObject = open(file, writeToFile)
# execution continues flowing -- we don't wait for the file to be opened
# ONCE the file is opened we write to it, but while we wait WE CAN DO OTHER THINGS!

事实证明，我们可以通过一些语言和框架来实现这一点。太酷了!查看Node.js来获得一些这种思考的实际实践。

为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。

回调是在满足条件时被计划执行的方法。

一个“真实世界”的例子是当地的电子游戏商店。你在等待《半条命3》。你不必每天去商店查看游戏是否上架，而是在列表中注册电子邮件，以便在游戏上架时收到通知。这封邮件变成了你的“回调”，你需要满足的条件是游戏的可用性。

“程序员”的例子是一个网页，你想在点击按钮时执行一个操作。为按钮注册回调方法，然后继续执行其他任务。当/如果用户点击按钮，浏览器将查看该事件的回调列表并调用您的方法。

回调是一种异步处理事件的方法。你永远不知道回调什么时候会被执行，或者它是否会被执行。这样做的好处是可以释放程序和CPU周期，以便在等待应答时执行其他任务。

让我们假设您要给我一个可能长期运行的任务:获取您遇到的前五个独特的人的名字。如果我在人口稀少的地区，这可能需要几天的时间。你真的不想在我忙来忙去的时候袖手旁观，所以你说:“你拿到名单后，打我手机给我读一遍。这是号码。”

您已经给了我一个回调引用——一个我应该执行以传递进一步处理的函数。

在JavaScript中，它可能是这样的:

var lottoNumbers = [];
var callback = function(theNames) {
  for (var i=0; i<theNames.length; i++) {
    lottoNumbers.push(theNames[i].length);
  }
};

db.executeQuery("SELECT name " +
                "FROM tblEveryOneInTheWholeWorld " +
                "ORDER BY proximity DESC " +
                "LIMIT 5", callback);

while (lottoNumbers.length < 5) {
  playGolf();
}
playLotto(lottoNumbers);

这可能有很多方面可以改进。例如，你可以提供第二次回拨:如果最终超过一个小时，打电话给红色电话，告诉接听电话的人你超时了。

这是关于下载网页的:

Your program runs on a cellphone and is requesting the webpage http://www.google.com. If you write your program synchronously, the function you write to download the data will be running continuously until all the data is download. This means your UI will not refresh and will basically appear frozen. If you write your program using callbacks, you request the data and say "execute this function when you've finished." This allows the UI to still allow user interaction while the file is downloading. Once the webpage has finished downloading, your result function (callback) is called and you can handle the data.

基本上，它允许你请求一些东西，并在等待结果的同时继续执行。一旦结果通过回调函数返回给您，您就可以从它停止的地方开始操作。

A callback is a function that will be called by a second function. This second function doesn't know in advance what function it will call. So the identity of the callback function is stored somewhere, or passed to the second function as a parameter. This "identity," depending on the programming language, might be the address of the callback, or some other sort of pointer, or it might be the name of the function. The principal is the same, we store or pass some information that unambiguously identifies the function.

当时间到来时，第二个函数可以调用回调，根据当时的情况提供参数。它甚至可以从一组可能的回调中选择回调。编程语言必须提供某种语法，允许第二个函数调用回调函数，并知道它的“标识”。

这种机制有许多可能的用途。通过回调，函数的设计者可以通过调用所提供的任何回调来定制函数。例如，排序函数可能将回调函数作为参数，而这个回调函数可能是用于比较两个元素以决定哪个元素先出现的函数。

顺便说一下，根据编程语言的不同，上面讨论中的“函数”一词可能会被“块”、“闭包”、“lambda”等取代。