我真的很喜欢http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Visitor.html上的描述和例子。

The assumption is that you have a primary class hierarchy that is fixed; perhaps it’s from another vendor and you can’t make changes to that hierarchy. However, your intent is that you’d like to add new polymorphic methods to that hierarchy, which means that normally you’d have to add something to the base class interface. So the dilemma is that you need to add methods to the base class, but you can’t touch the base class. How do you get around this? The design pattern that solves this kind of problem is called a “visitor” (the final one in the Design Patterns book), and it builds on the double dispatching scheme shown in the last section. The visitor pattern allows you to extend the interface of the primary type by creating a separate class hierarchy of type Visitor to virtualize the operations performed upon the primary type. The objects of the primary type simply “accept” the visitor, then call the visitor’s dynamically-bound member function.

我真的很喜欢http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Visitor.html上的描述和例子。

The assumption is that you have a primary class hierarchy that is fixed; perhaps it’s from another vendor and you can’t make changes to that hierarchy. However, your intent is that you’d like to add new polymorphic methods to that hierarchy, which means that normally you’d have to add something to the base class interface. So the dilemma is that you need to add methods to the base class, but you can’t touch the base class. How do you get around this? The design pattern that solves this kind of problem is called a “visitor” (the final one in the Design Patterns book), and it builds on the double dispatching scheme shown in the last section. The visitor pattern allows you to extend the interface of the primary type by creating a separate class hierarchy of type Visitor to virtualize the operations performed upon the primary type. The objects of the primary type simply “accept” the visitor, then call the visitor’s dynamically-bound member function.

游客

Visitor允许用户在不修改类本身的情况下向类族中添加新的虚函数;相反，创建一个实现虚函数的所有适当专门化的访问者类

参观者结构:

在以下情况下使用访问者模式:

必须对结构中分组的不同类型的对象执行类似的操作 您需要执行许多不同且不相关的操作。它将操作从对象结构中分离出来 必须在不改变对象结构的情况下添加新操作 将相关操作集合到一个类中，而不是强迫您更改或派生类 向没有源或不能更改源的类库中添加函数

尽管访问者模式提供了在不改变Object中现有代码的情况下添加新操作的灵活性，但这种灵活性也带来了缺点。

如果添加了新的Visitable对象，则需要在Visitor和ConcreteVisitor类中修改代码。有一种变通方法可以解决这个问题:使用反射，这将对性能产生影响。

代码片段:

import java.util.HashMap;

interface Visitable{
    void accept(Visitor visitor);
}

interface Visitor{
    void logGameStatistics(Chess chess);
    void logGameStatistics(Checkers checkers);
    void logGameStatistics(Ludo ludo);    
}
class GameVisitor implements Visitor{
    public void logGameStatistics(Chess chess){
        System.out.println("Logging Chess statistics: Game Completion duration, number of moves etc..");    
    }
    public void logGameStatistics(Checkers checkers){
        System.out.println("Logging Checkers statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser");    
    }
    public void logGameStatistics(Ludo ludo){
        System.out.println("Logging Ludo statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser");    
    }
}

abstract class Game{
    // Add game related attributes and methods here
    public Game(){

    }
    public void getNextMove(){};
    public void makeNextMove(){}
    public abstract String getName();
}
class Chess extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Chess.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}
class Checkers extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Checkers.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}
class Ludo extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Ludo.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}

public class VisitorPattern{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        Visitor visitor = new GameVisitor();
        Visitable games[] = { new Chess(),new Checkers(), new Ludo()};
        for (Visitable v : games){
            v.accept(visitor);
        }
    }
}

解释:

Visitable (Element)是一个接口，该接口方法必须添加到一组类中。 Visitor是一个接口，它包含对可访问元素执行操作的方法。 GameVisitor是一个实现Visitor接口(ConcreteVisitor)的类。 每个可访问元素接受Visitor并调用Visitor接口的相关方法。 你可以将游戏视为元素，而将象棋、跳棋和Ludo等具体游戏视为具体元素。

在上述例子中，国际象棋、西洋跳棋和卢多是三种不同的游戏(以及可访问的职业)。在一个晴朗的日子里，我遇到了一个记录每款游戏统计数据的场景。所以无需修改单个类来实现统计功能，你可以将这一职责集中到GameVisitor类中，这样你就无需修改每个游戏的结构。

输出:

Logging Chess statistics: Game Completion duration, number of moves etc..
Logging Checkers statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser
Logging Ludo statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser

指

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欲知详情

装饰

模式允许将行为静态或动态地添加到单个对象，而不影响来自同一类的其他对象的行为

相关文章:

IO的装饰器模式

什么时候使用装饰器模式?

Cay Horstmann在他的OO设计和模式书中有一个很好的例子，说明了在哪里应用Visitor。他总结了这个问题:

复合对象通常具有复杂的结构，由单个元素组成。有些元素可能也有子元素. ...元素上的操作访问它的子元素，对它们应用该操作，并将结果组合在一起. ...然而，向这样的设计中添加新的操作并不容易。

不容易的原因是，操作是在结构类本身中添加的。例如，假设你有一个文件系统:

下面是一些我们可能想用这个结构实现的操作(功能):

显示节点元素的名称(一个文件列表) 显示计算出的节点元素大小(其中目录的大小包括其所有子元素的大小) 等。

You could add functions to each class in the FileSystem to implement the operations (and people have done this in the past as it's very obvious how to do it). The problem is that whenever you add a new functionality (the "etc." line above), you might need to add more and more methods to the structure classes. At some point, after some number of operations you've added to your software, the methods in those classes don't make sense anymore in terms of the classes' functional cohesion. For example, you have a FileNode that has a method calculateFileColorForFunctionABC() in order to implement the latest visualization functionality on the file system.

The Visitor Pattern (like many design patterns) was born from the pain and suffering of developers who knew there was a better way to allow their code to change without requiring a lot of changes everywhere and also respecting good design principles (high cohesion, low coupling). It's my opinion that it's hard to understand the usefulness of a lot of patterns until you've felt that pain. Explaining the pain (like we attempt to do above with the "etc." functionalities that get added) takes up space in the explanation and is a distraction. Understanding patterns is hard for this reason.

Visitor allows us to decouple the functionalities on the data structure (e.g., FileSystemNodes) from the data structures themselves. The pattern allows the design to respect cohesion -- data structure classes are simpler (they have fewer methods) and also the functionalities are encapsulated into Visitor implementations. This is done via double-dispatching (which is the complicated part of the pattern): using accept() methods in the structure classes and visitX() methods in the Visitor (the functionality) classes:

这个结构允许我们添加新的功能，这些功能作为具体的访问者在结构上工作(不需要改变结构类)。

例如，PrintNameVisitor实现目录列表功能，PrintSizeVisitor实现具有大小的版本。我们可以想象有一天有一个以XML生成数据的“ExportXMLVisitor”，或者另一个以JSON生成数据的访问者，等等。我们甚至可以让一个访问者使用图形化语言(如DOT)显示我的目录树，然后用另一个程序进行可视化。

最后要注意的是:Visitor的双重分派的复杂性意味着它更难以理解、编码和调试。简而言之，它有很高的极客因素，违背了KISS原则。在研究人员进行的一项调查中，访问者被证明是一个有争议的模式(关于它的有用性没有达成共识)。一些实验甚至表明，它并没有使代码更容易维护。

一种看待它的方法是，访问者模式是一种让客户端向特定类层次结构中的所有类添加额外方法的方式。

当您有一个相当稳定的类层次结构，但您对需要对该层次结构做什么有不断变化的需求时，它是有用的。

经典的例子是编译器之类的。抽象语法树(AST)可以准确地定义编程语言的结构，但是您可能希望在AST上执行的操作将随着项目的进展而变化:代码生成器、漂亮的打印机、调试器、复杂性度量分析。

如果没有访问者模式，每次开发人员想要添加一个新特性时，他们都需要将该方法添加到基类中的每个特性中。当基类出现在单独的库中或由单独的团队生成时，这尤其困难。

(我听说访问者模式与良好的OO实践相冲突，因为它将数据的操作从数据中移开了。访问者模式在正常的OO实践失败的情况下非常有用。)

使用访问者模式至少有三个很好的理由:

减少代码的增殖，当数据结构发生变化时，代码只会略有不同。 将相同的计算应用于多个数据结构，而不改变实现计算的代码。 在不更改遗留代码的情况下向遗留库添加信息。

请看看我写的一篇关于这方面的文章。