一个十六进制数字是一个啃位(4位)。两个小字节构成8位，也称为1字节。

MD5生成128位输出，该输出使用32个十六进制数字序列表示，这些十六进制数字依次为32*4=128位。128位等于16字节(因为1字节等于8位)。

每个Base64字符编码6位(除了最后一个非填充字符可以编码2,4或6位);以及最后的填充字符(如果有的话)。因此，根据Base64编码，128位哈希至少需要⌈128/6⌉= 22个字符，如果有的话再加上pad。

使用base64，我们可以生成所需长度(6、8或10)的编码输出。 如果我们选择8字符长的输出，它只占用8个字节，而128位哈希输出则占用16个字节。

因此，除了安全性之外，还使用base64编码来减少空间消耗。

Base-64编码是一种获取二进制数据并将其转换为文本的方法，这样就更容易在电子邮件和HTML表单数据中传输。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

大多数情况下，我看到它被用于在只能处理ascii或简单字符集的上下文中对二进制数据进行编码。

有些传输协议只允许传输字母数字字符。想象一下这样一种情况:控制字符用于触发特殊操作，或者每个字符只支持有限的位宽。Base64将任何输入转换为只使用字母数字字符、+、/和=作为填充字符的编码。

从http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

The term Base64 refers to a specific MIME content transfer encoding. It is also used as a generic term for any similar encoding scheme that encodes binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation. The particular choice of base is due to the history of character set encoding: one can choose a set of 64 characters that is both part of the subset common to most encodings, and also printable. This combination leaves the data unlikely to be modified in transit through systems, such as email, which were traditionally not 8-bit clean. Base64 can be used in a variety of contexts: Evolution and Thunderbird use Base64 to obfuscate e-mail passwords[1] Base64 can be used to transmit and store text that might otherwise cause delimiter collision Base64 is often used as a quick but insecure shortcut to obscure secrets without incurring the overhead of cryptographic key management Spammers use Base64 to evade basic anti-spamming tools, which often do not decode Base64 and therefore cannot detect keywords in encoded messages. Base64 is used to encode character strings in LDIF files Base64 is sometimes used to embed binary data in an XML file, using a syntax similar to ...... e.g. Firefox's bookmarks.html. Base64 is also used when communicating with government Fiscal Signature printing devices (usually, over serial or parallel ports) to minimize the delay when transferring receipt characters for signing. Base64 is used to encode binary files such as images within scripts, to avoid depending on external files. Can be used to embed raw image data into a CSS property such as background-image.

这是一种二进制数据的文本编码，其结果文本除了字母、数字和符号“+”、“/”和“=”之外什么都没有。这是一种在专门用于文本数据的媒体上存储/传输二进制数据的方便方法。

但为什么是Base-64?将二进制数据转换为文本的两种替代方法是:

Decimal:将每个字节的十进制值存储为三个数字:045 112 101 037等，其中每个字节由3个字节表示。数据膨胀了三倍。 十六进制:将字节存储为十六进制对:AC 47 0D 1A等，其中每个字节由2个字节表示。数据膨胀了两倍。

Base-64在4个字符中映射3个字节(8 x 3 = 24位)，该字符横跨6位(6 x 4 = 24位)。结果看起来像“TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpb…”。因此膨胀仅仅是原来的4/3 = 1.3333333倍。