dict.has_key()的解决方案已弃用，请使用'in'——sublime文本编辑器3

这里我举了一个名为“ages”的字典的例子

ages = {}

# Add a couple of names to the dictionary
ages['Sue'] = 23

ages['Peter'] = 19

ages['Andrew'] = 78

ages['Karren'] = 45

# use of 'in' in if condition instead of function_name.has_key(key-name).
if 'Sue' in ages:

    print "Sue is in the dictionary. She is", ages['Sue'], "years old"

else:

    print "Sue is not in the dictionary"

如果你有这样的东西:

t.has_key(ew)

为了在python3上运行，将其更改为以下。X及以上:

key = ew
if key not in t

In hands-down，不仅在优雅(不被弃用;-)上，而且在性能上，例如:

$ python -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(99))' '12 in d'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0983 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(99))' 'd.has_key(12)'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.21 usec per loop

虽然下面的观察并不总是正确的，但您会注意到，通常在Python中，更快的解决方案更优雅和Python化;这就是为什么-mtimeit是如此有用——它不仅仅是节省100纳秒!-)

有一个例子，它实际上会扼杀你的表现。

如果你在一个只实现__getitem__和has_key()而不实现__contains__的O(1)容器上使用in，你将把O(1)搜索变成O(N)搜索(就像通过__getitem__返回到线性搜索一样)。

Fix显然是微不足道的:

def __contains__(self, x):
    return self.has_key(x)

根据python文档:

Has_key()已弃用 输入d。

用Adam Parkin的评论扩展Alex Martelli的性能测试…

$ python3.5 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range( 99))' 'd.has_key(12)'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.2_3/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/timeit.py", line 301, in main
    x = t.timeit(number)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.2_3/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/timeit.py", line 178, in timeit
    timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
  File "<timeit-src>", line 6, in inner
    d.has_key(12)
AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'

$ python2.7 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(  99))' 'd.has_key(12)'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0872 usec per loop

$ python2.7 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(1999))' 'd.has_key(12)'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0858 usec per loop

$ python3.5 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(  99))' '12 in d'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.031 usec per loop

$ python3.5 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(1999))' '12 in d'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.033 usec per loop

$ python3.5 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(  99))' '12 in d.keys()'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.115 usec per loop

$ python3.5 -mtimeit -s'd=dict.fromkeys(range(1999))' '12 in d.keys()'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.117 usec per loop