As you already state in your question, the main difference between union and struct is that union members overlay the memory of each other so that the sizeof of a union is the one , while struct members are laid out one after each other (with optional padding in between). Also an union is large enough to contain all its members, and have an alignment that fits all its members. So let's say int can only be stored at 2 byte addresses and is 2 bytes wide, and long can only be stored at 4 byte addresses and is 4 bytes long. The following union

union test {
    int a;
    long b;
}; 

could have a sizeof of 4, and an alignment requirement of 4. Both an union and a struct can have padding at the end, but not at their beginning. Writing to a struct changes only the value of the member written to. Writing to a member of an union will render the value of all other members invalid. You cannot access them if you haven't written to them before, otherwise the behavior is undefined. GCC provides as an extension that you can actually read from members of an union, even though you haven't written to them most recently. For an Operation System, it doesn't have to matter whether a user program writes to an union or to a structure. This actually is only an issue of the compiler.

union和struct的另一个重要属性是，它们允许指向它们的指针可以指向其任何成员的类型。因此，以下是有效的:

struct test {
    int a;
    double b;
} * some_test_pointer;

Some_test_pointer可以指向int*或double*。如果将一个test类型的地址转换为int*，它将指向它的第一个成员，实际上是a。工会也是如此。因此，因为联合将始终具有正确的对齐方式，您可以使用联合来使指向某些类型的指针有效:

union a {
    int a;
    double b;
};

这个联合实际上可以指向int型和double型:

union a * v = (union a*)some_int_pointer;
*some_int_pointer = 5;
v->a = 10;
return *some_int_pointer;    

实际上是有效的，正如C99标准所述:

对象的存储值只能由具有以下类型之一的左值表达式访问: 与对象的有效类型兼容的类型 .．. 在其成员中包含上述类型之一的聚合或联合类型

编译器不会优化出v->a = 10;因为它可能会影响*some_int_pointer的值(该函数将返回10而不是5)。

在编写下面给出的字节排序函数时，联合非常方便。这在结构体中是不可能的。

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    union {
        short   s;
        char    c[sizeof(short)];
    } un;

    un.s = 0x0102;

    if (sizeof(short) == 2) {
        if (un.c[0] == 1 && un.c[1] == 2)
            printf("big-endian\n");
        else if (un.c[0] == 2 && un.c[1] == 1)
            printf("little-endian\n");
        else
            printf("unknown\n");
    } else
        printf("sizeof(short) = %d\n", sizeof(short));

    exit(0);
}
// Program from Unix Network Programming Vol. 1 by Stevens.

As you already state in your question, the main difference between union and struct is that union members overlay the memory of each other so that the sizeof of a union is the one , while struct members are laid out one after each other (with optional padding in between). Also an union is large enough to contain all its members, and have an alignment that fits all its members. So let's say int can only be stored at 2 byte addresses and is 2 bytes wide, and long can only be stored at 4 byte addresses and is 4 bytes long. The following union

union test {
    int a;
    long b;
}; 

could have a sizeof of 4, and an alignment requirement of 4. Both an union and a struct can have padding at the end, but not at their beginning. Writing to a struct changes only the value of the member written to. Writing to a member of an union will render the value of all other members invalid. You cannot access them if you haven't written to them before, otherwise the behavior is undefined. GCC provides as an extension that you can actually read from members of an union, even though you haven't written to them most recently. For an Operation System, it doesn't have to matter whether a user program writes to an union or to a structure. This actually is only an issue of the compiler.

union和struct的另一个重要属性是，它们允许指向它们的指针可以指向其任何成员的类型。因此，以下是有效的:

struct test {
    int a;
    double b;
} * some_test_pointer;

Some_test_pointer可以指向int*或double*。如果将一个test类型的地址转换为int*，它将指向它的第一个成员，实际上是a。工会也是如此。因此，因为联合将始终具有正确的对齐方式，您可以使用联合来使指向某些类型的指针有效:

union a {
    int a;
    double b;
};

这个联合实际上可以指向int型和double型:

union a * v = (union a*)some_int_pointer;
*some_int_pointer = 5;
v->a = 10;
return *some_int_pointer;    

实际上是有效的，正如C99标准所述:

对象的存储值只能由具有以下类型之一的左值表达式访问: 与对象的有效类型兼容的类型 .．. 在其成员中包含上述类型之一的聚合或联合类型

编译器不会优化出v->a = 10;因为它可能会影响*some_int_pointer的值(该函数将返回10而不是5)。

联合在一些场景中很有用。 Union可以是非常低级的操作工具，比如为内核编写设备驱动程序。

其中一个例子是通过使用具有位域和浮点数的结构并集来解剖浮点数。我在浮点数中保存了一个数字，之后我可以通过该结构体访问浮点数的特定部分。该示例展示了如何使用联合来从不同角度查看数据。

#include <stdio.h>                                                                                                                                       

union foo {
    struct float_guts {
        unsigned int fraction : 23;
        unsigned int exponent : 8;
        unsigned int sign     : 1;
    } fg;
    float f;
};

void print_float(float f) {
    union foo ff;
    ff.f = f;
    printf("%f: %d 0x%X 0x%X\n", f, ff.fg.sign, ff.fg.exponent, ff.fg.fraction);

}

int main(){
    print_float(0.15625);
    return 0;
}

看看维基百科上的单精度描述。我使用了这个例子和其中的神奇数字0.15625。

联合还可用于实现具有多个备选项的代数数据类型。我在O'Sullivan, Stewart和Goerzen的《Real World Haskell》一书中找到了一个例子。 请查看受歧视的工会部分。

干杯!

结构分配其中所有元素的总大小。

一个联合只分配它最大的成员所需要的内存。

有什么好的例子可以说明“结构体”和“联合体”之间的区别吗?

一种假想的通信协议

struct packetheader {
   int sourceaddress;
   int destaddress;
   int messagetype;
   union request {
       char fourcc[4];
       int requestnumber;
   };
};

在这个假想的协议中，已经指定了基于“消息类型”的消息头中的下面位置要么是请求号，要么是四个字符的代码，但不是两者都是。简而言之，联合允许相同的存储位置表示多个数据类型，可以保证您在任何时候只希望存储其中一种类型的数据。

联合在很大程度上是基于C作为系统编程语言的传统的低级细节，其中“重叠”存储位置有时以这种方式使用。如果数据结构一次只保存几种类型中的一种，则有时可以使用联合来节省内存。

一般来说，操作系统不关心或不知道结构体和并体——它们都只是内存块。struct是存储多个数据对象的内存块，这些对象不重叠。联合是存储多个数据对象的内存块，但只能存储其中最大的一个，因此在任何时候只能存储其中一个数据对象。