I cannot say it is uncommon because as far as I know it is the only way of declaring a constant in java. As a javascript developer, I know how important the keyword constant is. If you are working in production level, and you have values that can never be changed even accidentally by other coders, values such as SSN number or even names. Then you have to use the final keyword to declare variables. Sometimes it can be very troublesome if certain classes can be inherited. Because if many people are working in a team someone can inherit a class, extend it and even make changes to the variables and methods of the parent class. This can be stopped with the keyword final because even static variables can be changed unless the final keyword is used. As far as your question is concerned I do not think the final keyword can affect the performance of the code, but it can definitely prevent human errors by making sure that other team members do not accidentally modify anything that needs to remain constant.

I cannot say it is uncommon because as far as I know it is the only way of declaring a constant in java. As a javascript developer, I know how important the keyword constant is. If you are working in production level, and you have values that can never be changed even accidentally by other coders, values such as SSN number or even names. Then you have to use the final keyword to declare variables. Sometimes it can be very troublesome if certain classes can be inherited. Because if many people are working in a team someone can inherit a class, extend it and even make changes to the variables and methods of the parent class. This can be stopped with the keyword final because even static variables can be changed unless the final keyword is used. As far as your question is concerned I do not think the final keyword can affect the performance of the code, but it can definitely prevent human errors by making sure that other team members do not accidentally modify anything that needs to remain constant.

正如在其他地方提到的，“final”用于局部变量，在较小程度上用于成员变量，更多的是一种风格问题。

'final'是一个声明，你希望变量不变(即，变量不会变化!)然后，如果你违反了自己的约束，编译器可以通过报错来帮助你。

我也认为，如果标识符(对不起，我只是不能把一个不变的东西称为“变量”)默认为final，并且要求你显式地说它们是变量，那么Java将是一种更好的语言。但话虽如此，我通常不会在初始化且从未赋值的局部变量上使用'final';好像太吵了。

(我确实在成员变量上使用final)

通常不会。对于虚方法，HotSpot会跟踪该方法是否实际被重写，并且能够在假定某个方法没有被重写的情况下执行优化，例如内联——直到它加载一个重写该方法的类，这时它可以撤销(或部分撤销)那些优化。

(当然，这是假设你正在使用HotSpot -但它是迄今为止最常见的JVM，所以…)

在我看来，使用final应该基于清晰的设计和可读性，而不是出于性能考虑。如果您出于性能原因想要更改任何内容，那么应该在修改最清晰的代码之前执行适当的度量——这样您就可以决定以较差的可读性/设计换取额外的性能是否值得。(根据我的经验，这几乎不值得;YMMV)。

EDIT: As final fields have been mentioned, it's worth bringing up that they are often a good idea anyway, in terms of clear design. They also change the guaranteed behaviour in terms of cross-thread visibility: after a constructor has completed, any final fields are guaranteed to be visible in other threads immediately. This is probably the most common use of final in my experience, although as a supporter of Josh Bloch's "design for inheritance or prohibit it" rule of thumb, I should probably use final more often for classes...

你实际上在问两种(至少)不同的情况:

局部变量的Final 方法/类的Final

Jon Skeet已经回答了2)。关于1):

我不认为这有什么区别;对于局部变量，编译器可以推断该变量是否是final变量(只需检查它是否被多次赋值)。因此，如果编译器想要优化只赋值一次的变量，无论变量是否声明为final，它都可以这样做。

Final可能会对protected/public类字段产生影响;在那里，编译器很难发现字段是否被设置了不止一次，因为它可能发生在不同的类中(甚至可能没有被加载)。但即使这样，JVM也可以使用Jon描述的技术(乐观地优化，如果加载了更改字段的类，则恢复)。

总之，我看不出有任何理由它应该有助于性能。 所以这种微观优化不太可能有帮助。您可以尝试对其进行基准测试以确定，但我怀疑它是否会产生影响。

编辑:

实际上，根据Timo Westkämper的回答，final在某些情况下可以提高类字段的性能。我接受纠正。

我不是专家，但我认为你应该在类或方法中添加final关键字，如果它不会被覆盖并留下变量。如果有任何方法来优化这样的东西，编译器会为你做。