你为什么要用out?

让其他人知道当变量从被调用的方法返回时将被初始化!

如上所述: 对于out形参，调用方法需要在方法返回之前赋值。

例子:

Car car;
SetUpCar(out car);
car.drive();  // You know car is initialized.

Out是ref的约束版本。

在方法体中，需要在离开方法之前为所有out参数赋值。 另外，分配给out形参的值将被忽略，而ref要求分配这些值。

out允许你这样做:

int a, b, c = foo(out a, out b);

其中ref需要分配a和b。

需要注意的是，in在c# ver 7.2是一个有效的关键字:

The in parameter modifier is available in C# 7.2 and later. Previous versions generate compiler error CS8107 ("Feature 'readonly references' is not available in C# 7.0. Please use language version 7.2 or greater.") To configure the compiler language version, see Select the C# language version. ... The in keyword causes arguments to be passed by reference. It makes the formal parameter an alias for the argument, which must be a variable. In other words, any operation on the parameter is made on the argument. It is like the ref or out keywords, except that in arguments cannot be modified by the called method. Whereas ref arguments may be modified, out arguments must be modified by the called method, and those modifications are observable in the calling context.

你是正确的，在语义上，ref同时提供“in”和“out”功能，而out只提供“out”功能。有一些事情需要考虑:

out requires that the method accepting the parameter MUST, at some point before returning, assign a value to the variable. You find this pattern in some of the key/value data storage classes like Dictionary<K,V>, where you have functions like TryGetValue. This function takes an out parameter that holds what the value will be if retrieved. It wouldn't make sense for the caller to pass a value into this function, so out is used to guarantee that some value will be in the variable after the call, even if it isn't "real" data (in the case of TryGetValue where the key isn't present). out and ref parameters are marshaled differently when dealing with interop code

Also, as an aside, it's important to note that while reference types and value types differ in the nature of their value, every variable in your application points to a location of memory that holds a value, even for reference types. It just happens that, with reference types, the value contained in that location of memory is another memory location. When you pass values to a function (or do any other variable assignment), the value of that variable is copied into the other variable. For value types, that means that the entire content of the type is copied. For reference types, that means that the memory location is copied. Either way, it does create a copy of the data contained in the variable. The only real relevance that this holds deals with assignment semantics; when assigning a variable or passing by value (the default), when a new assignment is made to the original (or new) variable, it does not affect the other variable. In the case of reference types, yes, changes made to the instance are available on both sides, but that's because the actual variable is just a pointer to another memory location; the content of the variable--the memory location--didn't actually change.

与ref关键字一起传递表示原始变量和函数参数实际上都指向相同的内存位置。同样，这只影响赋值语义。如果将一个新值赋给其中一个变量，那么由于其他变量指向相同的内存位置，新值将反映在另一侧。

使用out表示该参数未被使用，仅被设置。这有助于调用者理解您总是在初始化参数。

此外，ref和out不仅适用于值类型。它们还允许您重置引用类型从方法中引用的对象。

基本上ref和out都用于在方法之间传递对象/值

out关键字使参数通过引用传递。这类似于ref关键字，只不过ref要求在传递变量之前对其进行初始化。

out:参数没有初始化，必须在方法中初始化

ref:参数已经初始化，可以在方法中读取和更新。

引用类型的“ref”有什么用?

您可以将给定的引用更改为不同的实例。

你知道吗?

Although the ref and out keywords cause different run-time behavior, they are not considered part of the method signature at compile time. Therefore, methods cannot be overloaded if the only difference is that one method takes a ref argument and the other takes an out argument. You can't use the ref and out keywords for the following kinds of methods: Async methods, which you define by using the async modifier. Iterator methods, which include a yield return or yield break statement. Properties are not variables and therefore cannot be passed as out parameters.