理解“ABI”的一个简单方法是将其与“API”进行比较。

您已经熟悉了API的概念。如果你想使用某些库或操作系统的特性，你将根据API进行编程。API由数据类型/结构、常量、函数等组成，您可以在代码中使用它们来访问外部组件的功能。

An ABI is very similar. Think of it as the compiled version of an API (or as an API on the machine-language level). When you write source code, you access the library through an API. Once the code is compiled, your application accesses the binary data in the library through the ABI. The ABI defines the structures and methods that your compiled application will use to access the external library (just like the API did), only on a lower level. Your API defines the order in which you pass arguments to a function. Your ABI defines the mechanics of how these arguments are passed (registers, stack, etc.). Your API defines which functions are part of your library. Your ABI defines how your code is stored inside the library file, so that any program using your library can locate the desired function and execute it.

ABIs are important when it comes to applications that use external libraries. Libraries are full of code and other resources, but your program has to know how to locate what it needs inside the library file. Your ABI defines how the contents of a library are stored inside the file, and your program uses the ABI to search through the file and find what it needs. If everything in your system conforms to the same ABI, then any program is able to work with any library file, no matter who created them. Linux and Windows use different ABIs, so a Windows program won't know how to access a library compiled for Linux.

有时，ABI更改是不可避免的。当这种情况发生时，任何使用该库的程序都将无法工作，除非它们被重新编译以使用新版本的库。如果ABI改变了，但API没有改变，那么新旧库版本有时被称为“源代码兼容”。这意味着，虽然为一个库版本编译的程序不能与另一个库版本一起工作，但为一个库版本编写的源代码如果重新编译，则可以与另一个库版本一起工作。

For this reason, developers tend to try to keep their ABI stable (to minimize disruption). Keeping an ABI stable means not changing function interfaces (return type and number, types, and order of arguments), definitions of data types or data structures, defined constants, etc. New functions and data types can be added, but existing ones must stay the same. If, for instance, your library uses 32-bit integers to indicate the offset of a function and you switch to 64-bit integers, then already-compiled code that uses that library will not be accessing that field (or any following it) correctly. Accessing data structure members gets converted into memory addresses and offsets during compilation and if the data structure changes, then these offsets will not point to what the code is expecting them to point to and the results are unpredictable at best.

除非您正在进行非常低级的系统设计工作，否则您不必显式地提供ABI。它也不是特定于语言的，因为(例如)C应用程序和Pascal应用程序在编译后可以使用相同的ABI。

Edit: Regarding your question about the chapters regarding the ELF file format in the SysV ABI docs: The reason this information is included is because the ELF format defines the interface between operating system and application. When you tell the OS to run a program, it expects the program to be formatted in a certain way and (for example) expects the first section of the binary to be an ELF header containing certain information at specific memory offsets. This is how the application communicates important information about itself to the operating system. If you build a program in a non-ELF binary format (such as a.out or PE), then an OS that expects ELF-formatted applications will not be able to interpret the binary file or run the application. This is one big reason why Windows apps cannot be run directly on a Linux machine (or vice versa) without being either re-compiled or run inside some type of emulation layer that can translate from one binary format to another.

IIRC, Windows目前使用可移植可执行文件(PE)格式。在维基百科页面的“外部链接”部分有关于PE格式的更多信息的链接。

Also, regarding your note about C++ name mangling: When locating a function in a library file, the function is typically looked up by name. C++ allows you to overload function names, so name alone is not sufficient to identify a function. C++ compilers have their own ways of dealing with this internally, called name mangling. An ABI can define a standard way of encoding the name of a function so that programs built with a different language or compiler can locate what they need. When you use extern "c" in a C++ program, you're instructing the compiler to use a standardized way of recording names that's understandable by other software.

调用方和被调用方之间的ABI需要一致，以确保调用成功。堆栈使用，寄存器使用，程序结束堆栈弹出。所有这些都是ABI中最重要的部分。

为了调用共享库中的代码，或者在编译单元之间调用代码，object文件需要包含调用的标签。c++修改了方法标签的名称，以加强数据隐藏并允许重载方法。这就是为什么您不能混合来自不同c++编译器的文件，除非它们显式地支持相同的ABI。

让我至少回答你问题的一部分。通过一个例子说明Linux ABI如何影响系统调用，以及它为什么有用。

A systemcall is a way for a userspace program to ask the kernelspace for something. It works by putting the numeric code for the call and the argument in a certain register and triggering an interrupt. Than a switch occurs to kernelspace and the kernel looks up the numeric code and the argument, handles the request, puts the result back into a register and triggers a switch back to userspace. This is needed for example when the application wants to allocate memory or open a file (syscalls "brk" and "open").

现在系统调用有简短的名称“brk”等和相应的操作码，这些在系统特定的头文件中定义。只要这些操作码保持不变，您就可以使用不同更新的内核运行相同的已编译用户域程序，而无需重新编译。这样就有了预编译二进制文件使用的接口，因此就有了ABI。

Linux共享库最小可运行ABI示例

在共享库的上下文中，“拥有稳定的ABI”最重要的含义是，在库更改后不需要重新编译程序。

例如:

如果您正在销售一个共享库，您可以为用户省去为每个新版本重新编译依赖于您的库的所有内容的麻烦 如果您正在销售依赖于用户发行版中的共享库的闭源程序，如果您确定ABI在目标操作系统的某些版本上是稳定的，那么您可以发布和测试更少的预构建。 这在C标准库的情况下尤其重要，您的系统中有许多程序都链接到C标准库。

现在我想提供一个最小的具体可运行的示例。

c

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "mylib.h"

int main(void) {
    mylib_mystruct *myobject = mylib_init(1);
    assert(myobject->old_field == 1);
    free(myobject);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

mylib.c

#include <stdlib.h>

#include "mylib.h"

mylib_mystruct* mylib_init(int old_field) {
    mylib_mystruct *myobject;
    myobject = malloc(sizeof(mylib_mystruct));
    myobject->old_field = old_field;
    return myobject;
}

mylib.h

#ifndef MYLIB_H
#define MYLIB_H

typedef struct {
    int old_field;
} mylib_mystruct;

mylib_mystruct* mylib_init(int old_field);

#endif

编译和运行良好:

cc='gcc -pedantic-errors -std=c89 -Wall -Wextra'
$cc -fPIC -c -o mylib.o mylib.c
$cc -L . -shared -o libmylib.so mylib.o
$cc -L . -o main.out main.c -lmylib
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. ./main.out

现在，假设对于标准库的v2，我们希望向mylib_mystruct添加一个名为new_field的新字段。

如果我们在old_field之前添加字段，如下所示:

typedef struct {
    int new_field;
    int old_field;
} mylib_mystruct;

重建了图书馆，但不是主要的。Out，则断言失败!

这是因为这一行:

myobject->old_field == 1

已生成程序集，该程序集试图访问结构体的第一个int，该结构体现在是new_field，而不是预期的old_field。

因此，这个更改破坏了ABI。

但是，如果我们在old_field之后添加new_field:

typedef struct {
    int old_field;
    int new_field;
} mylib_mystruct;

那么旧生成的程序集仍然访问结构的第一个int，程序仍然可以工作，因为我们保持了ABI的稳定。

下面是这个例子在GitHub上的一个全自动版本。

保持此ABI稳定的另一种方法是将mylib_mystruct视为不透明结构，仅通过方法帮助程序访问其字段。这样可以更容易地保持ABI的稳定，但是由于我们要进行更多的函数调用，因此会产生性能开销。

API 与 ABI

在前面的例子中，有趣的是，在old_field之前添加new_field只破坏了ABI，而没有破坏API。

这意味着，如果我们根据标准库重新编译main.c程序，无论如何它都会工作。

然而，如果我们改变了例如函数签名，我们也会破坏API:

mylib_mystruct* mylib_init(int old_field, int new_field);

因为在这种情况下，main.c将完全停止编译。

语义API vs编程API

我们还可以将API更改分为第三种类型:语义更改。

语义API通常是API应该做什么的自然语言描述，通常包含在API文档中。

因此，可以在不破坏程序构建本身的情况下破坏语义API。

例如，如果我们修改了

myobject->old_field = old_field;

to:

myobject->old_field = old_field + 1;

那么这既不会破坏编程API，也不会破坏ABI，但是main.c语义API会破坏。

有两种方法可以通过编程方式检查合约API:

测试一些极端情况。这很简单，但你可能总是错过一个。 正式的验证。更难做到，但产生了正确性的数学证明，本质上是将文档和测试统一为“人”/机器可验证的方式!当然，前提是你的正式描述中没有bug;-) 这个概念与数学本身的形式化密切相关:https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/53969/what-does-formal-mean/3297537#3297537

打破C / c++共享库abi的所有东西的列表

待办事项:查找/创建最终列表:

https://github.com/lvc/abi-compliance-checker自动化工具进行检查 https://community.kde.org/Policies/Binary_Compatibility_Issues_With_C%2B%2B KDE c++ ABI指南 https://plan99.net/~mike/writing-shared-libraries.html

Java最小可运行示例

Java中的二进制兼容性是什么?

在Ubuntu 18.10, GCC 8.2.0中测试。

应用二进制接口(ABI)

ABI -应用二进制接口是关于运行时两个二进制部分之间的机器码通信，如应用程序，库，操作系统…ABI描述了如何将对象保存在内存中，如何调用函数(调用约定)，如何修改…

API和ABI的一个很好的例子是iOS生态系统从v5开始使用Swift语言。

Application layer - When you create an application using different languages. For example you can create application using Swift and Objective-C[Mixing Swift and Objective-C] Application - OS layer - runtime - Swift Standard Library and Swift Run Time Library[About] are parts of OS and they should not be included into each bundle(e.g. app, framework). It is the same as like Objective-C uses. Available from iOS v12.2 Library layer - Module Stability case - compile time - you will be able to import a framework which was built with another version of Swift's compiler. It means that it is safety to create a closed-source(pre-build) binary which will be consumed by a different version of compiler( .swiftinterface is used with .swiftmodule[About]) and you will not get Module compiled with _ cannot be imported by the _ compiler //or Compiled module was created by a newer version of the compiler Library layer - Library Evolution case Compile time - if a dependency was changed, a client has not to be recompiled. Runtime - a system library or a dynamic framework can be hot-swapped by a new one.

[API vs ABI] [Swift模块稳定性和库稳定性]