如何找到本地IP地址(即192.168.x。x或10.0.x.x)在Python平台独立,只使用标准库?
当前回答
在拥有iproute2实用程序的现代*NIX系统上,您可以通过subprocess.run()调用它,因为您可以使用-j开关在JSON中输出,然后使用JSON .loads()模块和方法将其转换为python数据结构。下面的代码显示第一个非环回IP地址。
import subprocess
import json
ip = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j a'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())[1]['addr_info'][0]['local']
print(ip)
或者,如果你有多个IP,并且想要找到连接到特定目的地的IP,你可以使用IP -j route get 8.8.8.8,如下所示:
import subprocess
import json
ip = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j route get 8.8.8.8'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())[0]['prefsrc']
print(ip)
如果你在寻找所有的IP地址,你可以遍历IP -j a返回的字典列表
import subprocess
import json
list_of_dicts = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j a'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())
for interface in list_of_dicts:
try:print(f"Interface: {interface['ifname']:10} IP: {interface['addr_info'][0]['local']}")
except:pass
其他回答
这是UnkwnTech的答案的变体——它提供了一个get_local_addr()函数,该函数返回主机的主LAN ip地址。我发布它是因为这增加了一些东西:ipv6支持,错误处理,忽略localhost/linklocal地址,并使用TESTNET地址(rfc5737)来连接。
# imports
import errno
import socket
import logging
# localhost prefixes
_local_networks = ("127.", "0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1")
# ignore these prefixes -- localhost, unspecified, and link-local
_ignored_networks = _local_networks + ("0.", "0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0", "169.254.", "fe80:")
def detect_family(addr):
if "." in addr:
assert ":" not in addr
return socket.AF_INET
elif ":" in addr:
return socket.AF_INET6
else:
raise ValueError("invalid ipv4/6 address: %r" % addr)
def expand_addr(addr):
"""convert address into canonical expanded form --
no leading zeroes in groups, and for ipv6: lowercase hex, no collapsed groups.
"""
family = detect_family(addr)
addr = socket.inet_ntop(family, socket.inet_pton(family, addr))
if "::" in addr:
count = 8-addr.count(":")
addr = addr.replace("::", (":0" * count) + ":")
if addr.startswith(":"):
addr = "0" + addr
return addr
def _get_local_addr(family, remote):
try:
s = socket.socket(family, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
try:
s.connect((remote, 9))
return s.getsockname()[0]
finally:
s.close()
except socket.error:
# log.info("trapped error connecting to %r via %r", remote, family, exc_info=True)
return None
def get_local_addr(remote=None, ipv6=True):
"""get LAN address of host
:param remote:
return LAN address that host would use to access that specific remote address.
by default, returns address it would use to access the public internet.
:param ipv6:
by default, attempts to find an ipv6 address first.
if set to False, only checks ipv4.
:returns:
primary LAN address for host, or ``None`` if couldn't be determined.
"""
if remote:
family = detect_family(remote)
local = _get_local_addr(family, remote)
if not local:
return None
if family == socket.AF_INET6:
# expand zero groups so the startswith() test works.
local = expand_addr(local)
if local.startswith(_local_networks):
# border case where remote addr belongs to host
return local
else:
# NOTE: the two addresses used here are TESTNET addresses,
# which should never exist in the real world.
if ipv6:
local = _get_local_addr(socket.AF_INET6, "2001:db8::1234")
# expand zero groups so the startswith() test works.
if local:
local = expand_addr(local)
else:
local = None
if not local:
local = _get_local_addr(socket.AF_INET, "192.0.2.123")
if not local:
return None
if local.startswith(_ignored_networks):
return None
return local
Netifaces可通过PIP和easy_install获得。(我知道,它不在基础,但它可能值得安装。)
Netifaces在不同平台上确实有一些奇怪之处:
localhost/loop-back接口可能并不总是包含在内(Cygwin)。 地址按协议列出(例如IPv4, IPv6),协议按接口列出。在某些系统(Linux)上,每个协议-接口对都有自己的关联接口(使用interface_name:n表示法),而在其他系统(Windows)上,单个接口将有每个协议的地址列表。在这两种情况下都有一个协议列表,但它可能只包含一个元素。
下面是一些netifaces代码:
import netifaces
PROTO = netifaces.AF_INET # We want only IPv4, for now at least
# Get list of network interfaces
# Note: Can't filter for 'lo' here because Windows lacks it.
ifaces = netifaces.interfaces()
# Get all addresses (of all kinds) for each interface
if_addrs = [netifaces.ifaddresses(iface) for iface in ifaces]
# Filter for the desired address type
if_inet_addrs = [addr[PROTO] for addr in if_addrs if PROTO in addr]
iface_addrs = [s['addr'] for a in if_inet_addrs for s in a if 'addr' in s]
# Can filter for '127.0.0.1' here.
上面的代码没有将地址映射回接口名(对于动态生成ebtables/iptables规则很有用)。所以这里有一个版本,它将上述信息和接口名称保存在一个元组中:
import netifaces
PROTO = netifaces.AF_INET # We want only IPv4, for now at least
# Get list of network interfaces
ifaces = netifaces.interfaces()
# Get addresses for each interface
if_addrs = [(netifaces.ifaddresses(iface), iface) for iface in ifaces]
# Filter for only IPv4 addresses
if_inet_addrs = [(tup[0][PROTO], tup[1]) for tup in if_addrs if PROTO in tup[0]]
iface_addrs = [(s['addr'], tup[1]) for tup in if_inet_addrs for s in tup[0] if 'addr' in s]
而且,不,我不喜欢列表理解。这些天我的大脑就是这么运转的。
下面的代码段将全部打印出来:
from __future__ import print_function # For 2.x folks
from pprint import pprint as pp
print('\nifaces = ', end='')
pp(ifaces)
print('\nif_addrs = ', end='')
pp(if_addrs)
print('\nif_inet_addrs = ', end='')
pp(if_inet_addrs)
print('\niface_addrs = ', end='')
pp(iface_addrs)
享受吧!
ninjagecko回答的变体。这应该在任何允许UDP广播的LAN上工作,并且不需要访问LAN或internet上的地址。
import socket
def getNetworkIp():
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_BROADCAST, 1)
s.connect(('<broadcast>', 0))
return s.getsockname()[0]
print (getNetworkIp())
127.0.1.1是您的真实IP地址。更一般地说,一台计算机可以有任意数量的IP地址。您可以过滤它们为私有网络- 127.0.0.0/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12和192.168.0.0/16。
但是,没有跨平台的方法来获取所有的IP地址。在Linux上,可以使用SIOCGIFCONF ioctl。
from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
iplist = [ifaddresses(face)[AF_INET][0]["addr"] for face in interfaces() if AF_INET in ifaddresses(face)]
print(iplist)
['10.8.0.2', '192.168.1.10', '127.0.0.1']