比如,我有一个脚本,用这行代码调用:

./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile

或者这个:

./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile 

什么是公认的解析方式,以便在每种情况下(或两者的某种组合)$v、$f和$d都将设置为true,而$outFile将等于/fiz/someOtherFile?


当前回答

我已经编写了一个bash助手来编写一个不错的bash工具

项目主页:https://gitlab.mbedsys.org/mbedsys/bashopts

例子:

#!/bin/bash -ei

# load the library
. bashopts.sh

# Enable backtrace dusplay on error
trap 'bashopts_exit_handle' ERR

# Initialize the library
bashopts_setup -n "$0" -d "This is myapp tool description displayed on help message" -s "$HOME/.config/myapprc"

# Declare the options
bashopts_declare -n first_name -l first -o f -d "First name" -t string -i -s -r
bashopts_declare -n last_name -l last -o l -d "Last name" -t string -i -s -r
bashopts_declare -n display_name -l display-name -t string -d "Display name" -e "\$first_name \$last_name"
bashopts_declare -n age -l number -d "Age" -t number
bashopts_declare -n email_list -t string -m add -l email -d "Email adress"

# Parse arguments
bashopts_parse_args "$@"

# Process argument
bashopts_process_args

将提供帮助:

NAME:
    ./example.sh - This is myapp tool description displayed on help message

USAGE:
    [options and commands] [-- [extra args]]

OPTIONS:
    -h,--help                          Display this help
    -n,--non-interactive true          Non interactive mode - [$bashopts_non_interactive] (type:boolean, default:false)
    -f,--first "John"                  First name - [$first_name] (type:string, default:"")
    -l,--last "Smith"                  Last name - [$last_name] (type:string, default:"")
    --display-name "John Smith"        Display name - [$display_name] (type:string, default:"$first_name $last_name")
    --number 0                         Age - [$age] (type:number, default:0)
    --email                            Email adress - [$email_list] (type:string, default:"")

享受:)

其他回答

这是我使用变量数组对Bruno Bronosky答案的改进解决方案。

它允许您混合参数位置,并为您提供一个参数数组,该数组在没有选项的情况下保持顺序

#!/bin/bash

echo $@

PARAMS=()
SOFT=0
SKIP=()
for i in "$@"
do
case $i in
    -n=*|--skip=*)
    SKIP+=("${i#*=}")
    ;;
    -s|--soft)
    SOFT=1
    ;;
    *)
        # unknown option
        PARAMS+=("$i")
    ;;
esac
done
echo "SKIP            = ${SKIP[@]}"
echo "SOFT            = $SOFT"
    echo "Parameters:"
    echo ${PARAMS[@]}

将输出例如:

$ ./test.sh parameter -s somefile --skip=.c --skip=.obj
parameter -s somefile --skip=.c --skip=.obj
SKIP            = .c .obj
SOFT            = 1
Parameters:
parameter somefile

如果您正在制作可与其他实用程序互换的脚本,下面的灵活性可能很有用。

以下任一项:

command -x=myfilename.ext --another_switch 

Or:

command -x myfilename.ext --another_switch

代码如下:

STD_IN=0

prefix=""
key=""
value=""
for keyValue in "$@"
do
  case "${prefix}${keyValue}" in
    -i=*|--input_filename=*)  key="-i";     value="${keyValue#*=}";; 
    -ss=*|--seek_from=*)      key="-ss";    value="${keyValue#*=}";;
    -t=*|--play_seconds=*)    key="-t";     value="${keyValue#*=}";;
    -|--stdin)                key="-";      value=1;;
    *)                                      value=$keyValue;;
  esac
  case $key in
    -i) MOVIE=$(resolveMovie "${value}");  prefix=""; key="";;
    -ss) SEEK_FROM="${value}";          prefix=""; key="";;
    -t)  PLAY_SECONDS="${value}";           prefix=""; key="";;
    -)   STD_IN=${value};                   prefix=""; key="";; 
    *)   prefix="${keyValue}=";;
  esac
done

此示例显示了如何使用getopt和eval以及HEREDOC和shift来处理短参数和长参数,以及是否具有以下所需值。此外,switch/case语句简洁易懂。

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# usage function
function usage()
{
   cat << HEREDOC

   Usage: $progname [--num NUM] [--time TIME_STR] [--verbose] [--dry-run]

   optional arguments:
     -h, --help           show this help message and exit
     -n, --num NUM        pass in a number
     -t, --time TIME_STR  pass in a time string
     -v, --verbose        increase the verbosity of the bash script
     --dry-run            do a dry run, dont change any files

HEREDOC
}  

# initialize variables
progname=$(basename $0)
verbose=0
dryrun=0
num_str=
time_str=

# use getopt and store the output into $OPTS
# note the use of -o for the short options, --long for the long name options
# and a : for any option that takes a parameter
OPTS=$(getopt -o "hn:t:v" --long "help,num:,time:,verbose,dry-run" -n "$progname" -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Error in command line arguments." >&2 ; usage; exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- "$OPTS"

while true; do
  # uncomment the next line to see how shift is working
  # echo "\$1:\"$1\" \$2:\"$2\""
  case "$1" in
    -h | --help ) usage; exit; ;;
    -n | --num ) num_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    -t | --time ) time_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    --dry-run ) dryrun=1; shift ;;
    -v | --verbose ) verbose=$((verbose + 1)); shift ;;
    -- ) shift; break ;;
    * ) break ;;
  esac
done

if (( $verbose > 0 )); then

   # print out all the parameters we read in
   cat <<EOM
   num=$num_str
   time=$time_str
   verbose=$verbose
   dryrun=$dryrun
EOM
fi

# The rest of your script below

以上脚本中最重要的几行是:

OPTS=$(getopt -o "hn:t:v" --long "help,num:,time:,verbose,dry-run" -n "$progname" -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Error in command line arguments." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- "$OPTS"

while true; do
  case "$1" in
    -h | --help ) usage; exit; ;;
    -n | --num ) num_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    -t | --time ) time_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    --dry-run ) dryrun=1; shift ;;
    -v | --verbose ) verbose=$((verbose + 1)); shift ;;
    -- ) shift; break ;;
    * ) break ;;
  esac
done

简短,切中要害,可读,处理几乎所有的事情(IMHO)。

希望这对某人有所帮助。

我使用optget和optgets的组合来解析带或不带参数的短选项和长选项,甚至是非选项(不带-或-的选项):

# catch wrong options and move non-options to the end of the string
args=$(getopt -l "$opt_long" "$opt_short" "$@" 2> >(sed -e 's/^/stderr/g')) || echo -n "Error: " && echo "$args" | grep -oP "(?<=^stderr).*" && exit 1
mapfile -t args < <(xargs -n1 <<< "$(echo "$args" | sed -E "s/(--[^ ]+) /\1=/g")" )
set -- "${args[@]}"

# parse short and long options
while getopts "$opt_short-:" opt; do
  ...
done

# remove all parsed options from $@
shift $((OPTIND-1)

这样,我就可以使用$opt_verbose这样的变量访问所有选项,而非选项可以通过默认变量$1、$2等访问:

echo "help:$opt_help"
echo "file:$opt_file"
echo "verbose:$opt_verbose"
echo "long_only:$opt_long_only"
echo "short_only:$opt_s"
echo "path:$1"
echo "mail:$2"

其中一个主要特点是,我能够以完全随机的顺序传递所有选项和非选项:

#             $opt_file     $1        $2          $opt_... $opt_... $opt_...
# /demo.sh --file=file.txt /dir info@example.com -V -h --long_only=yes -s
help:1
file:file.txt
verbose:1
long_only:yes
short_only:1
path:/dir
mail:info@example.com

更多详情:https://stackoverflow.com/a/74275254/318765

我想提交我的项目:https://github.com/flyingangel/argparser

source argparser.sh
parse_args "$@"

就这么简单。环境将填充与参数同名的变量