你可以在http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/02/how-hashmap-works-in-java.html上找到很好的信息

总结:

HashMap的工作原理是哈希

put(key, value): HashMap将key和value对象都存储为Map.Entry。Hashmap应用hashcode(key)来获取桶。如果有碰撞，HashMap使用LinkedList存储对象。

get(key): HashMap使用key Object的hashcode来查找桶的位置，然后调用keys.equals()方法来识别LinkedList中的正确节点，并在Java HashMap中返回该键的相关值对象。

常言道，一图胜千言。我说:有些代码胜过1000字。下面是HashMap的源代码。获得方法:

/**
     * Implements Map.get and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @return the node, or null if none
     */
    final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return first;
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

因此，很明显，哈希是用来寻找“桶”的，并且总是在该桶中检查第一个元素。如果不是，则使用键的equals来查找链表中的实际元素。

让我们看看put()方法:

  /**
     * Implements Map.put and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @param value the value to put
     * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
     * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
     * @return previous value, or null if none
     */
    final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

它稍微复杂一些，但很明显，新元素被放在选项卡中基于哈希计算的位置:

I = (n - 1) & hash这里I是新元素将被放置的索引(或者它是“桶”)。N是TAB数组(“桶”数组)的大小。

首先，尝试将其作为“bucket”中的第一个元素。如果已经有一个元素，则向列表中追加一个新节点。

你的第三个断言是不正确的。

两个不相等的对象拥有相同的哈希码是完全合法的。它被HashMap用作“第一遍过滤器”，以便映射可以快速找到具有指定键的可能条目。然后测试具有相同哈希码的键是否与指定的键相等。

您不会希望要求两个不相等的对象不能具有相同的哈希码，否则将限制为232个可能的对象。(这也意味着不同类型甚至不能使用对象的字段来生成哈希码，因为其他类可以生成相同的哈希码。)

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Students  {
    String name;
    int age;

    Students(String name, int age ){
        this.name = name;
        this.age=age;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        System.out.println("__hash__");
        final int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = prime * result + age;
        result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        System.out.println("__eq__");
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
            return false;
        Students other = (Students) obj;
        if (age != other.age)
            return false;
        if (name == null) {
            if (other.name != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!name.equals(other.name))
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Students S1 = new Students("taj",22);
        Students S2 = new Students("taj",21);

        System.out.println(S1.hashCode());
        System.out.println(S2.hashCode());

        HashMap<Students,String > HM = new HashMap<Students,String > (); 
        HM.put(S1, "tajinder");
        HM.put(S2, "tajinder");
        System.out.println(HM.size());
    }
}

Output:

__ hash __

116232

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

__ hash __

2

因此，在这里我们可以看到，如果对象S1和S2都有不同的内容，那么我们可以非常确定，我们覆盖的Hashcode方法将为两个对象生成不同的Hashcode(116232,11601)。因为有不同的哈希码，所以它甚至不需要调用EQUALS方法。因为不同的Hashcode保证对象中不同的内容。

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Students S1 = new Students("taj",21);
        Students S2 = new Students("taj",21);

        System.out.println(S1.hashCode());
        System.out.println(S2.hashCode());

        HashMap<Students,String > HM = new HashMap<Students,String > (); 
        HM.put(S1, "tajinder");
        HM.put(S2, "tajinder");
        System.out.println(HM.size());
    }
}

Now lets change out main method a little bit. Output after this change is 

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

__ hash __

__ eq __

1
We can clearly see that equal method is called. Here is print statement __eq__, since we have same hashcode, then content of objects MAY or MAY not be similar. So program internally  calls Equal method to verify this. 


Conclusion 
If hashcode is different , equal method will not get called. 
if hashcode is same, equal method will get called.

Thanks , hope it helps. 

hashmap是这样工作的(这有点简化，但它说明了基本机制):

它有许多“桶”，用来存储键值对。每个桶都有一个唯一的编号——用来标识该桶。当您将一个键值对放入映射时，hashmap将查看键的哈希码，并将该对存储在标识符为键的哈希码的bucket中。例如:密钥的哈希码为235 ->，存储在桶号为235的桶中。(注意，一个桶可以存储多个键-值对)。

当您在hashmap中查找一个值时，通过给它一个键，它将首先查看您给出的键的哈希代码。然后，hashmap将查看相应的存储桶，然后它将通过equals()比较您给出的键与存储桶中所有对的键。

现在，您可以看到这对于在map中查找键-值对是多么高效:通过键的哈希代码，哈希映射立即知道要在哪个bucket中查找，因此它只需要测试该bucket中的内容。

看看上面的机制，你也可以看到对键的hashCode()和equals()方法有什么必要的要求:

If two keys are the same (equals() returns true when you compare them), their hashCode() method must return the same number. If keys violate this, then keys that are equal might be stored in different buckets, and the hashmap would not be able to find key-value pairs (because it's going to look in the same bucket). If two keys are different, then it doesn't matter if their hash codes are the same or not. They will be stored in the same bucket if their hash codes are the same, and in this case, the hashmap will use equals() to tell them apart.

哈希映射的工作原理是哈希

HashMap get(Key k) method calls hashCode method on the key object and applies returned hashValue to its own static hash function to find a bucket location(backing array) where keys and values are stored in form of a nested class called Entry (Map.Entry) . So you have concluded that from the previous line that Both key and value is stored in the bucket as a form of Entry object . So thinking that Only value is stored in the bucket is not correct and will not give a good impression on the interviewer .

每当我们调用HashMap对象上的get(Key k)方法时。首先，它检查key是否为空。注意，HashMap中只能有一个空键。

如果key为null，则null键总是映射到哈希0，因此索引为0。

如果key不为空，那么它将在key对象上调用hashfunction，参见上述方法中的第4行，即key. hashcode()，因此在key. hashcode()返回hashValue之后，第4行如下所示

            int hash = hash(hashValue)

现在，它将返回的hashValue应用到自己的哈希函数中。

我们可能想知道为什么要再次使用hash(hashvalue)计算哈希值。答案是它可以防御低质量的哈希函数。

现在使用final hashvalue来查找存储Entry对象的bucket位置。条目对象像这样存储在桶中(哈希，键，值，bucketindex)