hashmap是这样工作的(这有点简化，但它说明了基本机制):

它有许多“桶”，用来存储键值对。每个桶都有一个唯一的编号——用来标识该桶。当您将一个键值对放入映射时，hashmap将查看键的哈希码，并将该对存储在标识符为键的哈希码的bucket中。例如:密钥的哈希码为235 ->，存储在桶号为235的桶中。(注意，一个桶可以存储多个键-值对)。

当您在hashmap中查找一个值时，通过给它一个键，它将首先查看您给出的键的哈希代码。然后，hashmap将查看相应的存储桶，然后它将通过equals()比较您给出的键与存储桶中所有对的键。

现在，您可以看到这对于在map中查找键-值对是多么高效:通过键的哈希代码，哈希映射立即知道要在哪个bucket中查找，因此它只需要测试该bucket中的内容。

看看上面的机制，你也可以看到对键的hashCode()和equals()方法有什么必要的要求:

If two keys are the same (equals() returns true when you compare them), their hashCode() method must return the same number. If keys violate this, then keys that are equal might be stored in different buckets, and the hashmap would not be able to find key-value pairs (because it's going to look in the same bucket). If two keys are different, then it doesn't matter if their hash codes are the same or not. They will be stored in the same bucket if their hash codes are the same, and in this case, the hashmap will use equals() to tell them apart.

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Students  {
    String name;
    int age;

    Students(String name, int age ){
        this.name = name;
        this.age=age;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        System.out.println("__hash__");
        final int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = prime * result + age;
        result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        System.out.println("__eq__");
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
            return false;
        Students other = (Students) obj;
        if (age != other.age)
            return false;
        if (name == null) {
            if (other.name != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!name.equals(other.name))
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Students S1 = new Students("taj",22);
        Students S2 = new Students("taj",21);

        System.out.println(S1.hashCode());
        System.out.println(S2.hashCode());

        HashMap<Students,String > HM = new HashMap<Students,String > (); 
        HM.put(S1, "tajinder");
        HM.put(S2, "tajinder");
        System.out.println(HM.size());
    }
}

Output:

__ hash __

116232

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

__ hash __

2

因此，在这里我们可以看到，如果对象S1和S2都有不同的内容，那么我们可以非常确定，我们覆盖的Hashcode方法将为两个对象生成不同的Hashcode(116232,11601)。因为有不同的哈希码，所以它甚至不需要调用EQUALS方法。因为不同的Hashcode保证对象中不同的内容。

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Students S1 = new Students("taj",21);
        Students S2 = new Students("taj",21);

        System.out.println(S1.hashCode());
        System.out.println(S2.hashCode());

        HashMap<Students,String > HM = new HashMap<Students,String > (); 
        HM.put(S1, "tajinder");
        HM.put(S2, "tajinder");
        System.out.println(HM.size());
    }
}

Now lets change out main method a little bit. Output after this change is 

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

116201

__ hash __

__ hash __

__ eq __

1
We can clearly see that equal method is called. Here is print statement __eq__, since we have same hashcode, then content of objects MAY or MAY not be similar. So program internally  calls Equal method to verify this. 


Conclusion 
If hashcode is different , equal method will not get called. 
if hashcode is same, equal method will get called.

Thanks , hope it helps. 

每个Entry对象表示键值对。如果一个桶有多于1个Entry，则字段next指向其他Entry对象。

有时候，两个不同对象的hashcode可能是相同的。在这种情况下，2个对象将保存在一个桶中，并将显示为LinkedList。入口点是最近添加的对象。该对象引用具有next字段的其他对象，等等。最后一项为空。 当您使用默认构造函数创建HashMap时

数组的大小为16，默认负载平衡为0.75。

(源)

哈希映射的工作原理是哈希

HashMap get(Key k) method calls hashCode method on the key object and applies returned hashValue to its own static hash function to find a bucket location(backing array) where keys and values are stored in form of a nested class called Entry (Map.Entry) . So you have concluded that from the previous line that Both key and value is stored in the bucket as a form of Entry object . So thinking that Only value is stored in the bucket is not correct and will not give a good impression on the interviewer .

每当我们调用HashMap对象上的get(Key k)方法时。首先，它检查key是否为空。注意，HashMap中只能有一个空键。

如果key为null，则null键总是映射到哈希0，因此索引为0。

如果key不为空，那么它将在key对象上调用hashfunction，参见上述方法中的第4行，即key. hashcode()，因此在key. hashcode()返回hashValue之后，第4行如下所示

            int hash = hash(hashValue)

现在，它将返回的hashValue应用到自己的哈希函数中。

我们可能想知道为什么要再次使用hash(hashvalue)计算哈希值。答案是它可以防御低质量的哈希函数。

现在使用final hashvalue来查找存储Entry对象的bucket位置。条目对象像这样存储在桶中(哈希，键，值，bucketindex)

hashcode决定要检查hashmap的哪个bucket。如果存储桶中有多个对象，则执行线性搜索以查找存储桶中的哪个项目等于所需的项目(使用equals()方法)。

In other words, if you have a perfect hashcode then hashmap access is constant, you will never have to iterate through a bucket (technically you would also have to have MAX_INT buckets, the Java implementation may share a few hash codes in the same bucket to cut down on space requirements). If you have the worst hashcode (always returns the same number) then your hashmap access becomes linear since you have to search through every item in the map (they're all in the same bucket) to get what you want.

大多数情况下，编写良好的hashcode并不完美，但它足够独特，可以为您提供或多或少的恒定访问。

记住这里对hashmap结构的解释，也许有人可以解释Baeldung上的以下段落:-

Java有接口Map的几个实现，每个实现都有自己的特殊性。

但是，现有的Java核心Map实现都不允许Map处理单个键的多个值。

正如我们所看到的，如果我们试图为同一个键插入两个值，第二个值将被存储，而第一个值将被删除。

它还将返回(由put(K键，V值)方法的每个正确实现):

Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
assertThat(map.put("key1", "value1")).isEqualTo(null);
assertThat(map.put("key1", "value2")).isEqualTo("value1");
assertThat(map.get("key1")).isEqualTo("value2");