如果您更喜欢不需要在循环外初始化计数器的解决方案，那么您可以将当前迭代键与告诉您数组的最后/第一个键的函数进行比较。

PHP 7.3及更新版本:

foreach ($array as $key => $element) {
    if ($key === array_key_first($array)) {
        echo 'FIRST ELEMENT!';
    }

    if ($key === array_key_last($array)) {
        echo 'LAST ELEMENT!';
    }
}

PHP 7.2及以上版本:

PHP 7.2已经是EOL(生命终结)，所以这里只是作为历史参考。避免使用。

foreach ($array as $key => $element) {
    reset($array);
    if ($key === key($array)) {
        echo 'FIRST ELEMENT!';
    }

    end($array);
    if ($key === key($array)) {
        echo 'LAST ELEMENT!';
    }
}

可以使用计数器和数组长度。

    $array = array(1,2,3,4);

    $i = 0;
    $len = count($array);
    foreach ($array as $item) {
        if ($i === 0) {
            // first
        } else if ($i === $len - 1) {
            // last
        }
        // …
        $i++;
    }

你可以用一个计数器:

$i = 0;
$len = count($array);
foreach ($array as $item) {
    if ($i == 0) {
        // first
    } else if ($i == $len - 1) {
        // last
    }
    // …
    $i++;
}

最简单的方法是

$array = [9,5,6,4,7,8];

$current_iteration = 0;

foreach($array as $item){
  if( 0 === $current_iteration ){
    echo 'this is the first item: ' . $item;
  }

  if( (count($array) - 1) === $current_iteration){
    echo 'this is the last item: ' . $item;
  }

  $current_iteration++;
}

试试这个:

function children( &$parents, $parent, $selected ){
  if ($parents[$parent]){
    $list = '<ul>';
    $counter = count($parents[$parent]);
    $class = array('first');
    foreach ($parents[$parent] as $child){
      if ($child['id'] == $selected)  $class[] = 'active';
      if (!--$counter) $class[] = 'last';
      $list .= '<li class="' . implode(' ', $class) . '"><div><a href="]?id=' . $child['id'] . '" alt="' . $child['name'] . '">' . $child['name'] . '</a></div></li>';
      $class = array();
      $list .= children($parents, $child['id'], $selected);
    }
    $list .= '</ul>';
    return $list;
  }
}
$output .= children( $parents, 0, $p_industry_id);

不确定是否还有必要。但是下面的解决方案应该与迭代器一起工作，并且不需要计数。

<?php

foreach_first_last(array(), function ($key, $value, $step, $first, $last) {
    echo intval($first), ' ', intval($last), ' ', $step, ' ', $value, PHP_EOL;
});

foreach_first_last(array('aa'), function ($key, $value, $step, $first, $last) {
    echo intval($first), ' ', intval($last), ' ', $step, ' ', $value, PHP_EOL;
});
echo PHP_EOL;

foreach_first_last(array('aa', 'bb', 'cc'), function ($key, $value, $step, $first, $last) {
    echo intval($first), ' ', intval($last), ' ', $step, ' ', $value, PHP_EOL;
});
echo PHP_EOL;

function foreach_first_last($array, $cb)
{
    $next = false;
    $current = false;
    reset($array);
    for ($step = 0; true; ++$step) {
        $current = $next;
        $next = each($array);
        $last = ($next === false || $next === null);
        if ($step > 0) {
            $first = $step == 1;
            list ($key, $value) = $current;
            if (call_user_func($cb, $key, $value, $step, $first, $last) === false) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if ($last) {
            break;
        }
    }
}