维基百科有一个关于信号量和互斥量区别的很好的章节:

A mutex is essentially the same thing as a binary semaphore and sometimes uses the same basic implementation. The differences between them are: Mutexes have a concept of an owner, which is the process that locked the mutex. Only the process that locked the mutex can unlock it. In contrast, a semaphore has no concept of an owner. Any process can unlock a semaphore. Unlike semaphores, mutexes provide priority inversion safety. Since the mutex knows its current owner, it is possible to promote the priority of the owner whenever a higher-priority task starts waiting on the mutex. Mutexes also provide deletion safety, where the process holding the mutex cannot be accidentally deleted. Semaphores do not provide this.

锁，互斥，信号量

这是一个普遍的愿景。细节取决于真正的语言实现

锁线程同步工具。当线程获得锁时，它就变成了一个能够执行代码块的单一线程。所有其他线程都被阻塞。只有拥有锁的线程才能解锁

互斥锁——互斥锁。这是一种锁。在某些语言中它是进程间机制，在某些语言中它是锁的同义词。例如，Java在synchronized和Java .util.concurrent.locks. lock中使用锁

信号量——允许多个线程访问共享资源。你可以发现互斥也可以通过信号量来实现。它是一个独立的对象，用于管理对共享资源的访问。您可以发现任何线程都可以发出信号并解除阻塞。它也被用于信号

[iOS锁，互斥量，信号量]

使用Linux变体上的C编程作为示例的基本情况。

锁:

•通常是一个非常简单的构造二进制在操作中锁定或解锁

•没有线程所有权、优先级、顺序等概念。

•通常是旋转锁，线程不断检查锁的可用性。

•通常依赖于原子操作，例如Test-and-set, compare-and-swap, fetch-and-add等。

•通常需要硬件支持原子操作。

文件锁:

•通常用于协调多个进程对文件的访问。

多个进程可以持有读锁，但是当任何一个进程持有写锁时，不允许其他进程获得读或写锁。

•示例:flock, fcntl等。

互斥:

互斥锁函数调用通常在内核空间中工作，并导致系统调用。

•它使用了所有权的概念。只有当前持有互斥锁的线程才能解锁它。

互斥不是递归的(异常:PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)。

•通常用于与条件变量关联，并作为参数传递给例如pthread_cond_signal, pthread_cond_wait等。

•一些UNIX系统允许多个进程使用互斥锁，尽管这可能不是在所有系统上强制执行。

信号量:

•这是一个内核维护的整数，其值不允许低于零。

•可用于同步进程。

信号量的值可以设置为大于1的值，在这种情况下，该值通常表示可用资源的数量。

•值限制为1和0的信号量称为二进制信号量。

维基百科有一个关于信号量和互斥量区别的很好的章节:

A mutex is essentially the same thing as a binary semaphore and sometimes uses the same basic implementation. The differences between them are: Mutexes have a concept of an owner, which is the process that locked the mutex. Only the process that locked the mutex can unlock it. In contrast, a semaphore has no concept of an owner. Any process can unlock a semaphore. Unlike semaphores, mutexes provide priority inversion safety. Since the mutex knows its current owner, it is possible to promote the priority of the owner whenever a higher-priority task starts waiting on the mutex. Mutexes also provide deletion safety, where the process holding the mutex cannot be accidentally deleted. Semaphores do not provide this.

支持所有权、最大进程共享锁数和临界区允许的最大进程/线程数是决定具有通用锁名的并发对象的名称/类型的三个主要因素。由于这些因素的值是二进制的(有两种状态)，我们可以将它们总结为一个3*8的类真值表。

X(支持所有权?):no(0) / yes(1) Y(#共享进程):> 1(∞)/ 1 Z (#processes/threads in CA): > 1(∞)/ 1

  X   Y   Z          Name
 --- --- --- ------------------------
  0   ∞   ∞   Semaphore              
  0   ∞   1   Binary Semaphore       
  0   1   ∞   SemaphoreSlim          
  0   1   1   Binary SemaphoreSlim(?)
  1   ∞   ∞   Recursive-Mutex(?)     
  1   ∞   1   Mutex                  
  1   1   ∞   N/A(?)                 
  1   1   1   Lock/Monitor           

请随意编辑或展开这个表，我已经把它作为一个ascii表进行编辑:)

看一看John Kopplin的多线程教程。

在线程间同步一节中，他解释了事件、锁、互斥量、信号量和可等待计时器之间的区别

A mutex can be owned by only one thread at a time, enabling threads to coordinate mutually exclusive access to a shared resource Critical section objects provide synchronization similar to that provided by mutex objects, except that critical section objects can be used only by the threads of a single process Another difference between a mutex and a critical section is that if the critical section object is currently owned by another thread, EnterCriticalSection() waits indefinitely for ownership whereas WaitForSingleObject(), which is used with a mutex, allows you to specify a timeout A semaphore maintains a count between zero and some maximum value, limiting the number of threads that are simultaneously accessing a shared resource.