维基百科说:

In the Microsoft .NET framework, an assembly is a partially compiled code library for use in deployment, versioning and security. There are two types: process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). A process assembly represents a process which will use classes defined in library assemblies. .NET assemblies contain code in CIL, which is usually generated from a CLI language, and then compiled into machine language at runtime by the CLR just-in-time compiler. An assembly can consist of one or more files. Code files are called modules. An assembly can contain more than one code module and since it is possible to use different languages to create code modules it is technically possible to use several different languages to create an assembly. Visual Studio however does not support using different languages in one assembly.

如果你真的浏览过，澄清你不理解的地方会有帮助

MSDN给出了一个很好的解释:

Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the information it needs to be aware of type implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist outside the context of an assembly.

看到这个:

在Microsoft .NET框架中，程序集是用于部署、版本控制和安全的部分编译代码库

程序集是构成逻辑功能单元的类型和资源的集合。.NET Framework中的所有类型都必须存在于程序集中;公共语言运行库不支持程序集之外的类型。每次使用Visual Basic . net创建Microsoft Windows®应用程序、Windows服务、类库或其他应用程序时，您都在构建单个程序集。每个程序集都存储为.exe或.dll文件。

来源:https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms973231.aspx#assenamesp_topic4

对于像我这样有Java背景的人来说，希望下面的图表能够阐明概念

程序集就像jar文件(包含多个.class文件)。您的代码可以引用现有的程序集，或者您的代码本身可以作为程序集发布，以供其他代码引用和使用(您可以将其视为Java中的jar文件，可以添加到项目依赖项中)。

最后，程序集是可以在任何安装了CLR的操作系统上运行的编译代码。这就相当于说.class文件或捆绑的jar可以在任何安装了JVM的机器上运行。

在.Net中，程序集可以是:

各种可管理部件的集合，其中包含类型(或 类)，资源(位图/图像/字符串/文件)，命名空间， 私有或公开编译的配置文件;部署到 本地或共享(GAC)文件夹;可被他人发现 项目/程序集和;可以进行版本控制。

维基百科说:

In the Microsoft .NET framework, an assembly is a partially compiled code library for use in deployment, versioning and security. There are two types: process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). A process assembly represents a process which will use classes defined in library assemblies. .NET assemblies contain code in CIL, which is usually generated from a CLI language, and then compiled into machine language at runtime by the CLR just-in-time compiler. An assembly can consist of one or more files. Code files are called modules. An assembly can contain more than one code module and since it is possible to use different languages to create code modules it is technically possible to use several different languages to create an assembly. Visual Studio however does not support using different languages in one assembly.

如果你真的浏览过，澄清你不理解的地方会有帮助