使用普通Java的DataInputStream和它的readFully方法(至少从Java 1.4开始存在):

...
byte[] bytes = new byte[(int) file.length()];
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
dis.readFully(bytes);
...

这个方法还有其他一些形式，但在这个用例中，我一直使用这个方法。

您可以使用Apache Commons IO来处理这个任务和类似的任务。

IOUtils类型有一个静态方法来读取InputStream并返回一个字节[]。

InputStream is;
byte[] bytes = IOUtils.toByteArray(is);

这将在内部创建一个ByteArrayOutputStream并将字节复制到输出，然后调用toByteArray()。它通过以4KiB为块复制字节来处理大文件。

请参阅InputStream.available()文档:

It is particularly important to realize that you must not use this method to size a container and assume that you can read the entirety of the stream without needing to resize the container. Such callers should probably write everything they read to a ByteArrayOutputStream and convert that to a byte array. Alternatively, if you're reading from a file, File.length returns the current length of the file (though assuming the file's length can't change may be incorrect, reading a file is inherently racy).

如果由于某种原因，它不在表中，则将其包装在DataInputStream中，只需使用read来锤击它，直到它给您一个-1或您所要求的整个块。

public int readFully(InputStream in, byte[] data) throws IOException {
    int offset = 0;
    int bytesRead;
    boolean read = false;
    while ((bytesRead = in.read(data, offset, data.length - offset)) != -1) {
        read = true;
        offset += bytesRead;
        if (offset >= data.length) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return (read) ? offset : -1;
}

20年后，终于有了一个不需要第三方库的简单解决方案，这要感谢Java 9:

InputStream is;
…
byte[] array = is.readAllBytes();

还要注意方便的方法readNBytes(byte[] b, int off, int len)和transferTo(OutputStream)来解决重复的需求。

/*InputStream class_InputStream = null;
I am reading class from DB 
class_InputStream = rs.getBinaryStream(1);
Your Input stream could be from any source
*/
int thisLine;
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while ((thisLine = class_InputStream.read()) != -1) {
    bos.write(thisLine);
}
bos.flush();
byte [] yourBytes = bos.toByteArray();

/*Don't forget in the finally block to close ByteArrayOutputStream & InputStream
 In my case the IS is from resultset so just closing the rs will do it*/

if (bos != null){
    bos.close();
}