不可变对象是内部字段(或者至少是影响其外部行为的所有内部字段)不能被更改的对象。

不可变字符串有很多优点:

性能:执行如下操作:

String substring = fullstring.substring(x,y);

substring()方法的底层C可能是这样的:

// Assume string is stored like this:
struct String { char* characters; unsigned int length; };

// Passing pointers because Java is pass-by-reference
struct String* substring(struct String* in, unsigned int begin, unsigned int end)
{
    struct String* out = malloc(sizeof(struct String));
    out->characters = in->characters + begin;
    out->length = end - begin;
    return out;
}

注意，没有一个字符必须被复制!如果String对象是可变的(字符可以在以后更改)，那么您将不得不复制所有字符，否则对子字符串中的字符的更改将在以后反映到另一个字符串中。

并发性:如果一个不可变对象的内部结构是有效的，那么它将总是有效的。不同的线程不可能在该对象中创建无效状态。因此，不可变对象是线程安全的。

垃圾收集:垃圾收集器更容易对不可变对象做出逻辑决策。

然而，不可变性也有缺点:

性能:等等，我记得你说过性能是不变性的好处!有时候是这样，但不总是这样。取以下代码:

foo = foo.substring(0,4) + "a" + foo.substring(5);  // foo is a String
bar.replace(4,5,"a"); // bar is a StringBuilder

The two lines both replace the fourth character with the letter "a". Not only is the second piece of code more readable, it's faster. Look at how you would have to do the underlying code for foo. The substrings are easy, but now because there's already a character at space five and something else might be referencing foo, you can't just change it; you have to copy the whole string (of course some of this functionality is abstracted into functions in the real underlying C, but the point here is to show the code that gets executed all in one place).

struct String* concatenate(struct String* first, struct String* second)
{
    struct String* new = malloc(sizeof(struct String));
    new->length = first->length + second->length;

    new->characters = malloc(new->length);
    
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < first->length; i++)
        new->characters[i] = first->characters[i];

    for(; i - first->length < second->length; i++)
        new->characters[i] = second->characters[i - first->length];

    return new;
}

// The code that executes
struct String* astring;
char a = 'a';
astring->characters = &a;
astring->length = 1;
foo = concatenate(concatenate(slice(foo,0,4),astring),slice(foo,5,foo->length));

注意，concatenate被调用两次，这意味着整个字符串必须循环!将其与bar操作的C代码进行比较:

bar->characters[4] = 'a';

可变字符串操作显然要快得多。

总结:在大多数情况下，您需要一个不可变的字符串。但是如果你需要在一个字符串中做大量的追加和插入，你就需要可变性来提高速度。如果你想要并发安全性和垃圾收集的好处，关键是保持你的可变对象本地的方法:

// This will have awful performance if you don't use mutable strings
String join(String[] strings, String separator)
{
    StringBuilder mutable;
    boolean first = true;

    for(int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++)
    {
        if(first) first = false;
        else mutable.append(separator);

        mutable.append(strings[i]);
    }

    return mutable.toString();
}

因为可变对象是一个本地引用，所以不必担心并发安全性(只有一个线程接触过它)。由于它没有在其他任何地方被引用，所以它只在堆栈上分配，所以函数调用一结束它就会被释放(您不必担心垃圾收集)。你可以同时获得可变性和不可变性的性能优势。

不可变意味着一旦对象被创建，它的所有成员都不会改变。字符串是不可变的，因为你不能改变它的内容。 例如:

String s1 = "  abc  ";
String s2 = s1.trim();

在上面的代码中，字符串s1没有改变，使用s1创建了另一个对象(s2)。

String s1="Hi";
String s2=s1;
s1="Bye";

System.out.println(s2); //Hi  (if String was mutable output would be: Bye)
System.out.println(s1); //Bye

s1="Hi":创建一个包含"Hi"值的对象s1。

S2 =s1:引用s1对象创建对象S2。

s1="Bye":之前的s1对象的值不会改变，因为s1有String类型，而String类型是一个不可变的类型，相反，编译器创建了一个新的String对象与"Bye"值和s1引用它。在这里，当我们打印s2值时，结果将是“Hi”而不是“Bye”，因为s2引用了前一个具有“Hi”值的s1对象。

不可变对象是指创建后不能修改的对象。一个典型的例子是字符串字面量。

越来越流行的D编程语言通过“不变”关键字具有“不变性”的概念。查看Dr.Dobb关于它的文章http://dobbscodetalk.com/index.php?option=com_myblog&show=Invariant-Strings.html&Itemid=29。它完美地解释了这个问题。

In large applications its common for string literals to occupy large bits of memory. So to efficiently handle the memory, the JVM allocates an area called "String constant pool".(Note that in memory even an unreferenced String carries around a char[], an int for its length, and another for its hashCode. For a number, by contrast, a maximum of eight immediate bytes is required) When complier comes across a String literal it checks the pool to see if there is an identical literal already present. And if one is found, the reference to the new literal is directed to the existing String, and no new 'String literal object' is created(the existing String simply gets an additional reference). Hence : String mutability saves memory... But when any of the variables change value, Actually - it's only their reference that's changed, not the value in memory(hence it will not affect the other variables referencing it) as seen below....

字符串s1 = "旧字符串";

//s1 variable, refers to string in memory
        reference                 |     MEMORY       |
        variables                 |                  |

           [s1]   --------------->|   "Old String"   |

字符串s2 = s1;

//s2 refers to same string as s1
                                  |                  |
           [s1]   --------------->|   "Old String"   |
           [s2]   ------------------------^

s1 = "New String";

//s1 deletes reference to old string and points to the newly created one
           [s1]   -----|--------->|   "New String"   |
                       |          |                  |
                       |~~~~~~~~~X|   "Old String"   |
           [s2]   ------------------------^

原来的字符串'in memory'没有改变，但是 引用变量已被更改，以便它引用新字符串。 如果我们没有s2, Old String仍然在内存中，但是 我们无法访问它…

不可变对象是内部字段(或者至少是影响其外部行为的所有内部字段)不能被更改的对象。

不可变字符串有很多优点:

性能:执行如下操作:

String substring = fullstring.substring(x,y);

substring()方法的底层C可能是这样的:

// Assume string is stored like this:
struct String { char* characters; unsigned int length; };

// Passing pointers because Java is pass-by-reference
struct String* substring(struct String* in, unsigned int begin, unsigned int end)
{
    struct String* out = malloc(sizeof(struct String));
    out->characters = in->characters + begin;
    out->length = end - begin;
    return out;
}

注意，没有一个字符必须被复制!如果String对象是可变的(字符可以在以后更改)，那么您将不得不复制所有字符，否则对子字符串中的字符的更改将在以后反映到另一个字符串中。

并发性:如果一个不可变对象的内部结构是有效的，那么它将总是有效的。不同的线程不可能在该对象中创建无效状态。因此，不可变对象是线程安全的。

垃圾收集:垃圾收集器更容易对不可变对象做出逻辑决策。

然而，不可变性也有缺点:

性能:等等，我记得你说过性能是不变性的好处!有时候是这样，但不总是这样。取以下代码:

foo = foo.substring(0,4) + "a" + foo.substring(5);  // foo is a String
bar.replace(4,5,"a"); // bar is a StringBuilder

The two lines both replace the fourth character with the letter "a". Not only is the second piece of code more readable, it's faster. Look at how you would have to do the underlying code for foo. The substrings are easy, but now because there's already a character at space five and something else might be referencing foo, you can't just change it; you have to copy the whole string (of course some of this functionality is abstracted into functions in the real underlying C, but the point here is to show the code that gets executed all in one place).

struct String* concatenate(struct String* first, struct String* second)
{
    struct String* new = malloc(sizeof(struct String));
    new->length = first->length + second->length;

    new->characters = malloc(new->length);
    
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < first->length; i++)
        new->characters[i] = first->characters[i];

    for(; i - first->length < second->length; i++)
        new->characters[i] = second->characters[i - first->length];

    return new;
}

// The code that executes
struct String* astring;
char a = 'a';
astring->characters = &a;
astring->length = 1;
foo = concatenate(concatenate(slice(foo,0,4),astring),slice(foo,5,foo->length));

注意，concatenate被调用两次，这意味着整个字符串必须循环!将其与bar操作的C代码进行比较:

bar->characters[4] = 'a';

可变字符串操作显然要快得多。

总结:在大多数情况下，您需要一个不可变的字符串。但是如果你需要在一个字符串中做大量的追加和插入，你就需要可变性来提高速度。如果你想要并发安全性和垃圾收集的好处，关键是保持你的可变对象本地的方法:

// This will have awful performance if you don't use mutable strings
String join(String[] strings, String separator)
{
    StringBuilder mutable;
    boolean first = true;

    for(int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++)
    {
        if(first) first = false;
        else mutable.append(separator);

        mutable.append(strings[i]);
    }

    return mutable.toString();
}

因为可变对象是一个本地引用，所以不必担心并发安全性(只有一个线程接触过它)。由于它没有在其他任何地方被引用，所以它只在堆栈上分配，所以函数调用一结束它就会被释放(您不必担心垃圾收集)。你可以同时获得可变性和不可变性的性能优势。