In large applications its common for string literals to occupy large bits of memory. So to efficiently handle the memory, the JVM allocates an area called "String constant pool".(Note that in memory even an unreferenced String carries around a char[], an int for its length, and another for its hashCode. For a number, by contrast, a maximum of eight immediate bytes is required) When complier comes across a String literal it checks the pool to see if there is an identical literal already present. And if one is found, the reference to the new literal is directed to the existing String, and no new 'String literal object' is created(the existing String simply gets an additional reference). Hence : String mutability saves memory... But when any of the variables change value, Actually - it's only their reference that's changed, not the value in memory(hence it will not affect the other variables referencing it) as seen below....

字符串s1 = "旧字符串";

//s1 variable, refers to string in memory
        reference                 |     MEMORY       |
        variables                 |                  |

           [s1]   --------------->|   "Old String"   |

字符串s2 = s1;

//s2 refers to same string as s1
                                  |                  |
           [s1]   --------------->|   "Old String"   |
           [s2]   ------------------------^

s1 = "New String";

//s1 deletes reference to old string and points to the newly created one
           [s1]   -----|--------->|   "New String"   |
                       |          |                  |
                       |~~~~~~~~~X|   "Old String"   |
           [s2]   ------------------------^

原来的字符串'in memory'没有改变，但是 引用变量已被更改，以便它引用新字符串。 如果我们没有s2, Old String仍然在内存中，但是 我们无法访问它…

实际上，如果你使用上面建议的维基百科定义，String不是不可变的。

字符串的状态改变后构造。看一下hashcode()方法。String将hashcode值缓存在本地字段中，但直到第一次调用hashcode()才计算它。这种对hashcode的惰性求值将String置于一个有趣的位置，作为状态发生变化的不可变对象，但如果不使用反射，就无法观察到它发生了变化。

所以也许不可变的定义应该是一个不能被观察到已经改变的对象。

如果一个不可变对象在创建后状态发生了变化，但是没有人可以看到它(没有反射)，这个对象仍然是不可变的吗?

不可变的对象在创建后不能改变其状态。

尽可能使用不可变对象有三个主要原因，所有这些都将有助于减少你在代码中引入的错误数量:

It is much easier to reason about how your program works when you know that an object's state cannot be changed by another method Immutable objects are automatically thread safe (assuming they are published safely) so will never be the cause of those hard-to-pin-down multithreading bugs Immutable objects will always have the same Hash code, so they can be used as the keys in a HashMap (or similar). If the hash code of an element in a hash table was to change, the table entry would then effectively be lost, since attempts to find it in the table would end up looking in the wrong place. This is the main reason that String objects are immutable - they are frequently used as HashMap keys.

当你知道一个对象的状态是不可变的时，你还可以在代码中做一些其他的优化——例如缓存计算的哈希——但这些都是优化，因此没有那么有趣。

一旦实例化，就不能更改。考虑一个类，它的实例可能用作哈希表或类似的键。查看Java最佳实践。

不可变意味着一旦一个对象的构造函数完成执行，该实例就不能被改变。

这很有用，因为这意味着你可以传递对对象的引用，而不用担心其他人会改变它的内容。特别是在处理并发性时，对于永不更改的对象不存在锁定问题

e.g.

class Foo
{
     private final String myvar;

     public Foo(final String initialValue)
     {
         this.myvar = initialValue;
     }

     public String getValue()
     {
         return this.myvar;
     }
}

Foo不必担心getValue()的调用者可能会更改字符串中的文本。

如果你想象一个类似于Foo的类，但是成员是StringBuilder而不是String，你可以看到getValue()的调用者能够改变Foo实例的StringBuilder属性。

还要注意你可能会发现的不同类型的不变性:Eric Lippert写了一篇关于这个的博客文章。基本上，你可以拥有接口是不可变的对象，但在幕后实际可变的私有状态(因此不能在线程之间安全地共享)。

不可变意味着一旦对象被创建，它的所有成员都不会改变。字符串是不可变的，因为你不能改变它的内容。 例如:

String s1 = "  abc  ";
String s2 = s1.trim();

在上面的代码中，字符串s1没有改变，使用s1创建了另一个对象(s2)。