SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
       TABLE_NAME,
       CCSA.CHARACTER_SET_NAME AS DEFAULT_CHAR_SET,
       COLUMN_NAME,
       COLUMN_TYPE,
       C.CHARACTER_SET_NAME
  FROM information_schema.TABLES AS T
  JOIN information_schema.COLUMNS AS C USING (TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME)
  JOIN information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY AS CCSA
       ON (T.TABLE_COLLATION = CCSA.COLLATION_NAME)
 WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=SCHEMA()
   AND C.DATA_TYPE IN ('enum', 'varchar', 'char', 'text', 'mediumtext', 'longtext')
 ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA,
          TABLE_NAME,
          COLUMN_NAME
;

数据库:

SHOW CREATE DATABASE "DB_NAME_HERE";

在创建数据库(MySQL)时，默认字符集/排序规则总是LATIN，而不是在最初创建数据库时选择了不同的字符集/排序规则

列:

SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM table_name;

我总是看SHOW CREATE TABLE mydatabase。mytable。

对于数据库，似乎需要查看SELECT DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA。

对于表和列:

show create table your_table_name

数据库:

USE your_database_name;
show variables like "character_set_database";
-- or:
-- show variables like "collation_database";

参考本页。查阅MySQL手册